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Respiratory System: Gabriela Orellana P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System:
Gabriela Orellana
P.5
Major functions of the respiratory system:
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide from the body cells
Removes particles from incoming air
Regulates temperature and water content of the air
Provides vocal sounds
Regulates blood pH
Helps in sense of smell
Upper respiratory structures and functions:
Nasal Cavity:
Description:
Hollow space above nose
Function:
Conducts air to pharynx. Also, mucous lining filters, warms and moistens incoming air
Sinuses:
Description:
Hollow spaces in certain skull bones
Function:
Reduce weight of skull: serve as resonant chambers
Nose:
Description:
In the center of the face above the mouth, consisting of 2 nostrils
Function:
Nostrils provide entrance to the nasal cavity, the hairs inside the nostrils filter the incoming air
Pharynx:
Description:
Chamber behind nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx
Function:
Passageway for air moving from nasal cavity to larynx and for food moving from oral cavity to esophagus
Lower respiratory structures and functions:
Trachea:
Description:
Flexible tube that connects larynx with bronchial tree
Function:
Mucous lining continues to filter particles from incoming air
Bronchial Tree:
Description:
Branched tubes that lead from trachea to alveoli
Function:
Conducts air from trachea to alveoli; mucous lining continues to filter incoming air
Larynx:
Description:
Enlargement at top of the trachea
Function:
Prevents foreign objects from entering trachea; houses vocal cords
Lungs:
Description:
Soft, cone-shaped organs that occupy a large portion of a thoracic cavity
Function:
Contain air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Layers of the pleurae:
Visceral Pleura:
Inner layer;
attached to the surface of each lung
Parietal Pleura:
Outer layer;
lines the thoracic cavity
Compare and Contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration:
Inspiration:
-Our diaphragm pulls down
-Our intercostal muscles contract
-Air pressure is reduced
-Air is absorbed through the tubes into the lungs
-Our chest expands
Expiration:
-Our diaphragm relaxes into dome position
-Our intercostal muscles relax
-Our chest becomes smaller
-Pressure increases on our lungs
-Air is forced out
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity:
-During inhalation lung volume expands due to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles that expand the thoracic cavity.
-When the volume increases, the pressure decreases
Respiratory volumes and capacities:
Tital Volume (TV):
Volume:
500 mL
Description:
Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
Volume:
3,000 mL
Description:
Maximal volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
Volume:
1,100 mL
Description:
Maximal volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting expiration
Residual Volume (RV):
Volume:
1,200 mL
Description:
Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiration
Vital Capacity (VC):
Volume:
4,600 mL
Description:
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible: VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Inspiratory Capacity (IC):
Volume:
3,500 mL
Description:
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume: IC =TV +IRV
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):
Volume:
2,300 mL
Description:
Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume: FRC = ERV + RV
Total Lung Capacity:
Volume:
5,800 mL
Description:
Total volume of air that the lungs can hold: TLC = VC + RV
Internal vs. External respiration:
Internal Respiration:
Gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the metabolizing tissues
-Oxygen diffuses out from the blood into tissue
-Carbon Dioxide diffuses into the blood from the tissue
-Only correlates with the internal environment
External Respiration:
Gas exchange across the respiratory membrane of lungs
-Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into the blood
-Carbon Dioxide diffuses out from the blood into the alveolar air
-Correlates with both internal and external environment
Disorders of the respiratory System:
Chronic Bronchitis:
Description:
Thickening and inflammation of the bronchi
Symptoms:
Cough, mucus, fatigue, chills, fever, chest pain
Lung Cancer
Description:
Mass of uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs
Symptoms:
Recurrent cough, chest pain, dyspnea, wheezing, headache, weight loss
Pneumonia
Description:
Inflammation and fluid in the lungs
Symptoms:
Cough, muscle ache, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, chills, fever
Emphysema
Description:
Alveoli become weak and lose ability to stretch
Symptoms:
Dyspnea, chest pain, coughing, wheezing
Tuberculosis
Description:
Bacterial infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Symptoms:
Cough with blood or mucus, fatigue, fever, chills, night swear, weight loss
Cystic Fibrosis:
Description:
Recessive genetic disease that causes mucus to build up in the lungs
Symptoms:
Salty skin, infetions, weight loss, cough, bowel abnormalities
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder):
Description:
Progressive disease that makes it more difficult to breath, Includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Symptoms:
Cough, Infections, dyspnea, wheezing, fatigue
Asthma:
Description:
Inflammation of the bronchial tubes
Symptoms:
Cough, dyspnea, chest pain, wheezing