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Chapter 6 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 6
History of Fingerspelling
is the representation of the letters of a writing system, and sometimes of numeral systems, using only the hands.
The Benedictine monk Bede, in the eighth century, is credited as having recorded the earliest known manual alphabet.
Research by Frenchman J. Barrois in 1 850, the body and hands were used to represent alphabets in Greek, Roman, Egyptian and Assyrian antiquity.
The first book on deaf education, published in 1620, included an account of a manual alphabet being used.
Charles de La Fin published a book in 1 692, describing a unique alphabetic system where pointing to a body part represented the first letter of the part
Modern Manual Alphabet
Fingerspelling is a vital part of ASL; however, itis not a substitute for signs.
8.7 percent of casual signing
E spelling nowadays looks a bit to similar to C
Artificial Sign Communication Systems
Simultaneous Communication
persons who use spoken words while signing at the same time.
Problems
Speaker skips some signs during a discourse,
Speaker produces sloppy fingerspelling,
speaker ends up speaking and stops signing,
Speaker signs in an unclear fashion while speaking simultaneously.
Total Communication
child-devised gestures, formal sign language, speech, speechreading, fingerspelling, reading, and writing.
It made schools go back to sign Language
Current Learning Opportunities
Various settings
private schools, religious schools, mainstreaming programs, federally and state-supported residential schools, day schools, and charter schools.
self-contained programs, interpreted programs or mainstreamed programs and residential programs.
Types
Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE)
Pidgin Signed English (PSE)
Signing Exact English (SEE II)
Signed English (SE)
Seeing Essential English (SEE I)
cued speech presents cues; cued language presents language utilizing linguistic principles.
Visual and Artificial Sign Systems
Rochester Method
Conceived in 1878,
students lipread while reading the fingerspelling simultaneously.
It was straining to fingerspell every word on one hand.
Combined Method
Simultaneous speech and sign language were allowed
Sign language is said to be mostly imported from France
a single dialect was recognized as early as 1834.
Signing Hearing Infants and Children
Children of Deaf Adults
They might be unsure of whether they are deaf or hearing, and they usually acquire signing skills before speaking skills.
CODAs often have taken on the role of interpreter/translator since childhood, often unintentionally.
In adulthood, hearing offspring of deaf parents usually learn to understand and embrace their cultural differences.
Phone Interpreting
hearing children of deaf parents started communicating with sign language at an earlier age than hearing children did with spoken language.
Many basic signs are “iconic,” meaning the signs look like the things they represent.
Historical Influences on Some ASL Signs
Generational Gaps
old sign not used in school new signs not used at home
late 1800s, many signs were made on the waist or lower chest
sign movements have evolved toward a smaller space.
Variations in Signing
People in one geographic area often use a sign differently from people in another geographic area,
Other kinds of variations in ASL may include gender variation and ethnic variation.
Proliferation of Sign Systems
The proliferation of sign systems that appeared mostly during the early 1 970s
Pidgin Sign English (PSE) by James Woodward, 1972
Siglish by Louie Fant, 1972
Ameslan by Louie Fant, 1972
Ameslish by Bernard Bragg,1973
Signed English by Terry O’Rourke, 1970
Transitions in Signs
Initialization of Signs
initialize signs by using the fingerspelled letter while signing a word.
Modern Manual Alphabet
Sharing our Visual Language
Increasing demand for ASL
one of the most widely used languages in America.
As of 2007, 42 states had officially recognized ASL as a language,
Enrollment in ASL courses increased by 432 percent between 1 998 and 2002.
International Signs
Gestuno