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Respiratory system Sarah Hernandez P.6 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory system
Sarah Hernandez P.6
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory Volumes
Tidal Volume (TV)
: volume of air moved in/out of lungs during a respiratory cycle
[500mL]
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
:
maximal
volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting inspiration
[3000mL]
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
:
maximal
volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting period
[1,100mL]
Residual Volume (RV)
: volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiration (keeps aveoli open)
[1,200mL]
Respiratory Capacities
Vital Capacity (VC)
: maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible:
[ 4,600mL ] = VC= TV + IRV + ERV
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
: maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume:
[ 3,500mL ]= IC= TV +IRV
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
: volume of air that remains in lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume:
[ 2,300mL ] = FRC= ERV + RV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
: total volume of air that lungs can hold:
[ 5,800mL ]= TLC= VC+ RV
Internal v. external respiration
respiration
: process of gas exchange between atmosphere and cells, includes: ventilation/breathing, external respiration, gas exchange, internal respiration, cellular respiration, and mucous membrane
External respiration
: gas exchange between
lungs and blood
Internal respiration
: gas exchange between
blood and body cells
Layers of pleurae
pleura
: double-layered serous membrane
visceral pleura
: inner layer- attached to surface of each lung
parietal pleura
: outer layer- lines thoracic cavity
serous fluid: lubricates pleura cavity between 2 layers
right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes
Lower respiratory system structure/function
Lower respiratory tract organs: larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
trachea (windpipe)
: cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to esophagus to thoracic cavity; splits into right/left primary bronchi
inner wall= lined with ciliated mucous membrane, wall= supported by cartilaginous rings
bronchial tree
: consists of branched, mucous membrane timed tubular airways; leads trachea to alveoli
primary bronchi
: first branches of bronchial tree; branch directly off trachea, each leads to lungs
secondary bronchi
: branches off of main bronchi, enters each lobe of the lungs
tertiary bronchi
: branches off lobar bronchi, enters each segment of lungs
larynx
: enlargement in airway superior to trachea, inferior to laryngopharynx (throat subdivision)
transports air in/out of trachea, prevents particles from entering trachea,
houses vocal cords
consists of two vocal folds:
glottis and epiglottis
glottis
: true vocal chords and opening between them
epiglottis
: flaplike, covers opening to glottis- stands vertically, allows air to enter larynx
lungs
: soft, spongy, organs, occupies most of thoracic cavity
separated medially by mediastinum, enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage
primary bronchus and large blood vesselds enter each lung on medial surface
Volume and pressure relationship in thoracic cavity
Atmospheric pressure:
P[atm]= 760 mmHg and 1 atm
Pressure inside lungs is less than atmospheric pressure, when air to rush inside of lungs
Pressure inside of lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure, when air rushes outside of lungs
P1V1= P2V2
p and v are inversely proportional
when P increases, V decreases
when P decreases, V increases
inhalation
: diaphragm contracts, causes lung expansion
increased volume= pressure decrease} air rushes in
exhaltation
: diaphragm expands, causes lung contraction
decreased volume= pressure increase} air rushes out
Upper respiratory system structure/function
Upper respiratory tract organs: nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
nasal cavity
: hollow space posterior to the nose
consists of nasal septum and nasal conchae
paranasal sinuses
: air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones; sinuses open into the nasal cavity
reduces the weight of the skull and serves as resonant chambers for vocals
nose
: provide openings/entrance and exit of air, supported by bone and cartilage
pharynx (throat)
: spaces behind oral and nasal cavities and larynx
common passageway for food/air from nasal/oral cavities
Mechanisms of inspiration and expiration
inspiration
: lung pressure inside decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from atmosphere
diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles: muscles that expand thoracic cavity for normal inspiration
1) diaphragm contracts/moves downward, enlarges thoracic cavity
2) external intercoastals contract moving ribs/sternum upward and outward
muscle contractions
: pressure in lungs falls below 2mm in atmospheric pressure, causes air to rush into lungs
expiration
: results from pressure process of elastic recoil of muscles and lung tissues, from surface tension within the alveoli
diaphragm/external intercoastal muscles relax, lungs recoil and decreases the volume of thoracic cavity
1) diaphragm recoils and abdominal organs spring back to original shape; pushes diaphragm upwards
2) lungs recoil, the pleura and chest are pulled inwards
increased surface tension in alveoli decreases their volume
air rushes
out of lungs
Respiratory system disorders
Tuberculosis
: bacterial infectionin respiratory system cause by
mycobacterium tuberculosis
causes: contagious & inhaled, weakened immune system, drug/alcohol abuse
symptoms: latent TB- asymptomatic, weight loss/ night sweats, swollen lymph nodes
treatment: long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
some TB variants do not have treatments
Pneumonia
: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
causes: bacterial/viral infection, aspiration, impaired immune system
symptoms: fever, chest pains, fatigue
treatment options: counter medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Lung cancer
: uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
causes: smoking (90% of cases), radon gas, genetics
later stages
: chest pain, blood in sputum, chronic infections
treatment: radiation/chemotherapy, surgical removal, targeted therapy
later stages
= used to prolong life
COPD
: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
causes: asthmatic bronchitis, tobacco smoke, air pollution
symptoms: chronic cough, lung damage, heart disease
treatment options: smoking cession, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation
seasonal flu
: viral infection, symptom severity changes year to year
causes: inhaled respiratory droplets, living conditions/ occupations, weakened immune system
symptoms: dry cough, congestion, nausea/vomiting
treatment: early vaccination, antiviral/counter medication, rest/hydration
Major functions of the respiratory system
functions: removes particles from incoming air, regulates temperature and water content in air, provides vocal sounds, regulate blood pH and help sense of smell
consists of tubes that filter, warm, moisture incoming air, and transport to gas exchange areas; microscopic air sacs exchange gases