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Respiratory System Celine Cercado p.2 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Celine Cercado p.2
Major functions of the respiratory system
intakes oxygen from atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide from body cells
removes particels from incoming air.
regulates temperature & water content of air
provides vocal sounds, blood pH and helps with sense of smell
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose
Nostrils provide openings entrance and exit for air
supported by bone and cartilage
Contains coarse hairs that prevent entry of other particles
Nasal Cavity
hollow space posterior to the nose
Nasal septum dives it medially (down the middle) and consists of bone and cartilage
Nasal Conchae is scrolled- shaped bones that divide the nasal cavity into passageways
Conchae supports mucous membranes & increases surface area to warm, moisturize, & filter incoming air.
Cilia- particles trapped in mucus carried to pharynx
Sinuses
air filled spaces like maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, & sphenoid bones
sinuses open into nasal cavity
Lind with mucous membrane that's continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity.
Reduces weight of the skull
serves as resonant chambers for the voice
Pharynx
Space behind oral & nasal cavities & larynx
Common passageway for air & food from the nasal & oral cavities
Aids in producing sounds for speech
subdivisions: nasopharynx, orophynx, laryngopharynx.
Throat
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
Enlargement in the airway superior to trachea & inferior to laryngopharynx
Transports air in and out of trachea
houses vocal cords
composed framework of the muscles & cartilage bound by elastic tissues.
Large cartilages of larynx: thyroid cartilage (Adams apple)
Trachea
Wind pipe
cylindrical tube extends downwards anterior to esophagus and into thoracic cavity
splits into the right and left primary bronchi
inner wall lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells
Goblet cells product mucus traps incoming particles
Cilia sweep mucus toward pharynx, where its swallowed
wall supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings keep airways open
Bronchial tree
Consists of branched, mucous membrane-limed tubular airways, leading the trachea, the microscopic air sac of lungs (alveoli)
Primary Bronchi
First branch of bronchial tree
branch directly off tranchea
leads to lungs
Secondary bronchi
branches of main bronchi
each enters a lobe of lungs
Tertiary Bronchi
branches of lobar bronchi
each enters a segments of lungs
Bronchioles
smaller tubular organs that branch off segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Branches off larger bronchioles
smallest bronchioles that conduct air without performing gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles
branch off terminal bronchioles
contain alveoli can perform gas exchange
Alveolar ducts
branch off respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar sacs
branch off alveolar ducts
consists of air sacs called alveoli
Lungs
soft ,spongy, cone-shaped organs of respiratory system
Separated medially by mediastinum & enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage.
Primary bronchus & large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
Right Lung larger than left lung
right has 3 lobes & left has 2 lobes
because the heart takes up space in the left side
right lobes: Superior, middle & inferior
Left lobes
Superior and inferior
contains air passages, alveoli, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & connective tissues.
Layers of the pleurae
Pleura
double-layer serous membrane
Visceral pleura
inner layer
attached the surface of each lung
Parietal pleura
Outer layer
Lines thoracic cavity
Serous fluid lucubrates the pleural cavity between 2 layers
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
Muscles expand the thoracic cavity for normal inspiration
Diaphragm contracts & moves downward, enlarging the thoracic cavity
Pressure inside lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure
Inhalation
Expiration
results from passive process of elastic recoil of muscle & lung tissue from surface tension within alveoli
Increased surface tension in alveoli decreases their volume
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Increasing volume causes air pressure inside lungs to decrease
Diaphragm & external intercostal muscles relax & lungs recoil, decreasing volume of thoracic cavity
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Tidal Volume
TV
500mL
Volume of air moved in & out of lungs during respiratory cycle
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
IRV
3,000mL
Maximal volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of the resting inspiration
Expirartory Reserve Volume
ERV
1,100mL
Maximal volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of the resting expiration
Residual Volume
RV
1,200mL
Volume of air that remains in lungs even after a maximal expiration
Vital Capacity
VC
4,600mL
maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible
VC=TV+ IRV
Inspiratory Capacity
IC
3,500 mL
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume
IC=IV+IRV
Functional Residual Capacity
FRC
2300mL
Volume of air that remains in lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume
FRC=ERV+RV
Total Lung Capacity
TLC
5800mL
Total volume of air that lungs can hold
TLC=VC+RV
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal
Atmospheric pressure: exerted by air on all objects in, contact with it
Muscle & abdominal wall muscle, which compresses rib cage & abdominal walls
External
contract to move ribs & sternum upward & outward
Muscles relax & lungs recoil, decreasing volume of thoracic cavity
Disorders of the respiratory system
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, & asthma
Causes
Dust exposure
Air pollution
Age
Symptoms
Chronic Cough
Wheezing
Tight chest
Treatment:
Medications
Antibiotics
Lung reduction
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection in respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Cause
Contagious inhaled
Drug & alcohol abuse
Travel where TB is common
Symptoms
Fever fatigue
chest pains
weight loss & night sweats
Treatment
Long term antibiotics
surgery
Medications
Pneumonia
Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Cause
Viral Infection
Bacterial infection
Aspiration
Symptoms
Fever
Chills
Chest pain
Treatment
Over the counter medication
Antibiotics
Oxygen therapy
Lung cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in lungs
Cause
Smoking
Second-hand smoking
Genetics
Symptoms
Chest pains
Fatigue
weight loss
Treatments
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Surgical removal
Seasonal Flu
Viral infection; there are many variations of this virus & it changes rapidly year to year which changes severity of symptoms
Cause
droplets
age
living conditions
Symptoms
dry cough
Fatigue
headache
Treatment
Early vaccination
Antiviral medication
Rest & hydration