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Second Cold War in Africa, Middle East and Americas - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Selassie and his government failed to raise the standard of living in Ethiopia, leading to economic crisis and famine. This eventually lead to a mutiny among the people of Ethiopia.
      - The Derg, a commitee of low ranking officers soon established a communist dictatorship in the country under the leadership of Mengitsu Haile Mariam
      - The USSR supported the new government, despite the violent aspects of Megitsu's rule
      - The US tried to maintain relations with the new government, as they still lacked a sense of cohesion in their economic policies and ideology.
    - - The USSR aided the new Ethiopian government in their attempt to expel Somalia, a former USSR ally, from Ogaden, which had begun with the Somalian invasion of the region.
        
        Somalia wanted to gain control of desert area, as groups of ethnic Somalis were living there
      - Financial support was also given to Megitsu's government to suppress the independence movements in Eritrea in 1978.
      - Castro also provided 17 000 combat troops for the effort
      - Foreign aid was essential to Ethiopia winning the war, though the country was still ripped apart and demoralized. The seeds of the Ethiopian Civil War were planted her.
      - Eritrea, which had been struggling to gain independence for decades, utilized the Ogaden war to launch its own war of attrition with support from the CCP. This struggle for independence lasted for over a decade, with Eritrea becoming independent in 1991.
    - - Some historians still argue that in the long run, the financial aid did not help the USSR.
      - The US also became more determined to undermine Castro, which did not benefit the USSR
  - - - They signed Friendship and Cooperation Treaty with the USSR in 1974.
      - However, as Ethiopia too, became a communist state and the ally of the USSR, Somalia, which had been planning to overtake Ogaden, resented this connection.
        
        Asked for US assistance to, and eventually expelled Soviets
      - The leaders of Somalia took advantage of the fragmented society in Ethopia, and gained the upper hand in the first stages of the attack.
- - - - President Carter described the invasion as "the greatest threat to the world peave since the Second World War."
    - - The new leader, Kamal, requests Soviet intervention
      - This coup was in the end more harmful than benefitical to the USSR
        
        Causes the USSR to be more involved in Afghanistan
    - - A major reason for the ending of détente
        
        Increased hostility and lack of communication between the US and USSR, as the invasion was widely condemned by the western world
        
        Worst of all, the US and many of its allies boycotted the 1980 olympics. USSR and its allies in turn boycotted the 1984 olympics.
      - Before 1979, the US had trained Islamic Mujahideen combatants and provided them with supplies
      - Since 1985, during Reagan's second term, the US involvement (through military aid) within Afghanistan increased
      - US did not take direct part in the war, however.
  - - - "Afghanistan had been unofficially accepted by the West as of special concern to the Soviet Union's security, given their common borders."
    - - Called for Soviet Union to intervene where socialist rule was under threat.
      - Soviet actions in Afghanistan were in line with this policy
- - - - Allende doesn’t win, but does get more votes this time
        
        The US was alrmed at how much support the communists got
        
        THe US State Department makes Chile a model of the Alliance for Progress aid program
        
        The program (together with the Agency for international development) sent over $20 billion in loans to Latin America to promote democracy and social reforms, especially making land ownership accessible
        
        1970: Allende wins the presidental election
        
        Popular Unity is formed
        
        A coalition which is dedicated to leading Chile to socialism
        
        1971: The Popular Unity gains record number of votes in the midterm elections
  - - - Allende refuses to flee the coutry and is killed under attack of his own forces in his office
      - A 17 year loing military dictatorship begins
        
        General Augusto Pinochet governs the country
    - - Thousands of supporters of Popular Unity were forced into the Santiago soccer stadium and were tortured and murdered.
        
        Bodies were buried in mass graves
      - It’s generally accepted that the US government was heavily involved
        
        The logic behind the coup is still debated by academics
        
        One theory cives gredit to:
        
        President Nixon
        
        Nixon thought that Allende’s government was anti-American, justifying the coup
        
        Kissinger said (to Nixon) ”Our hand doesn’t show on this one though”, refering to how they had covertly influenced Chile and policies against Allende’s government
        
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        Nixon also had fears of communism spreading to Latin America
        
        He called a meeting with national security leaders in 1970 following Allende’s election
        
        His advisor Henry Kissinger
        
        Kissinger was concerned with Chile long before the coup
        
        He’s on record saying things like ”We will not let Chile go down the drain” (drain=communism)
        
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        Containment policy
        
        Chile was involved with the Soviets and Cuba
        
        Supporting the coup would be in accordance to the containment policies
        
        It was generally thought by government officials that if communism was to spread into Chile, it would be problematic for the US
        
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        Som say that the containment policies (or the US government) were not possilble and that executing the coup was required from stopping a full-blown civil war
        
        Allende had won the presidental election with only 36% of the vote, since two conservative candidates split the rest of the votes
        
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- - - - Civil War starting in 1977
        
        Anti-communists (Mozambican National Resistance, RENAMO)
        
        Supported by South Africa and Rhodesia
        
        Connections to apartheid
        
        Led by Afonso Dhalakama
        
        Marxist-Leninists (Liberation Front of Mozambique, FRELIMO)
        
        Supported by Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Malawi, as well as Romania
        
        Responsible for prior attempts of insurrection from Portuguese rule
        
        Military equipment from China and the USSR
        
        Influence in Mozambique was strategically important (ports at the coast)
        
        Initial disagreements with Cuba
        
        Eventually, Cuba provided aid to FRELIMO
        
        In 1966, even supported by the U.S through subsidies (however, the U.S refused requests for military aid)
        
        During Johnson's reign of power in 1968, all financial ties were cut
        
        Led by Eduardo Mondlane
        
        Ended in 1992
        
        Now, both FRELIMO, RENAMO and other parties coexist
        
        Collapse of the Soviet Union
    - - The U.S (Cold War ally of Portugal) thought this would add Soviet influence in Africa
      - People's Republic of Mozambique
- - - - During the civil war, UNITA was able to capture major diamond mines. They were important resources for financing arms and fuel, and funding the liberation movement's guerrilla campaign against the MPLA
    - - The MPLA controlled Luanda, Angola's capital city, and declared itself the new government of independent Angola
        
        The MPLA got support and recognition from other African countries
        
        The FNLA attempted a overthrow of the MPLA but did not succeed because its internal support had deteriorated
        
        The FNLA and UNITA established a rival government in Huambo and got assistance from the South African forces
        
        Castro sent 36 000 Cuban troops with artillery, tanks and missile systems to Angola in 1976 to help the MPLA resist the South African forces
        
        They won a victory over the South African Defence Force during the battle for control of Cuito Cuanavale (the biggest conventional battle on the African continent since WWII) in 1987-88
        
        This ensured the independence of Angola
        
        The USSR disapproved Castro's actions, as it was trying to improve its relationship with the US
        
        In 1977, the MPLA established itself as a Marxist-Leninist party and started pursuing economic communism
        
        The MPLA government signed a treaty of cooperation and friendship with the USSR in 1976
      - The US president Gerald Ford dropped the word "détente" from his vocabulary
    - - As a consequence of the Cold War, UNITA was funded by the West
        
        It received US$15-20 million annually in weapons, medicine, logistics and training from the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
      - The MPLA received a bulk of its funding from the USSR, Cuba and the People's Republic of Congo
- - - - The U.S. media grew increasingly unfavorable against the current regime in Nicaragua as the decisions of the government lead to increasing support of the Sandinistas.
        
        Once the Sandinistas took over the Nicaraguan government President Jimmy Carter cut off aid to the nation.
        
        With the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, relations between the United States and the Sandinista regime became an active fron in the Cold War.
        
        Nicaragua being the first socialist country to build its empire on dollar imperialism the US placed sanctions on it and a trade embargo.
      - The US uses funds from the Iran-Iraq war arms deals.
        
        Anti communists were reportedly unsuccessful at overthrowing the communist government made by the FSLN.
        
        Later on democratic votes were had where the Nicaraguan people themselves voted the communists out.
    - - A left wing partisan party
      - Kidnappings of government corrupt officials.
        
        The Nicaraguan government razed villages in search of potential FSLN supporters.
        
        The country tipped into full-scale civil war with the 1978 murder of Pedro Chamorro, who had opposed violence against the current regime.
        
        A bombing order had been placed against the Sandinistas.
        
        In May 1979, another general strike was called on the Sandinistas but this time the Sandinistas launched a major push to take control of the country. By mid July they had Somoza the leader of Nicaragua and the National guard isolated in Managua.
        
        Sandinista period begins 1979-1990.
        
        The Nicaragua's government had collapsed and fallen under the control of the Sandinistas
        
        The Sandinistas would over time turn the nation communist and align themselves with communist states like North Korea and USSR.