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Respiratory System
Grecia Lopez, Per. 1 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System
Grecia Lopez, Per. 1
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Upper respiratory structures and functions
Para-nasal Sinuses
- Mucosa lined, air filled cavities in cranial bones surrounding the nasal cavity
- Ring around nasal cavities
- Located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
- Lightens the skull, warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
Pharynx
- Funnel shapped muscular tube
- Passage way that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to esophagus
- Houses tonsils
- Passage way for air and food
- Aids the immune system
Oropharynx
- Food and air passageway
- Soft palate to epiglottis
- Palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal tonsils
Laryngopharynx
- Food and air passageway
- The larynx conencts to the esophogus
Nasopharynx
- ONLY AIR passage
- Soft palate and uvula close when swallowing
Nose and Nasal Cavity
- The nose is the ONLY external portion supported by bone and cartilage
- Internal nasal cavity is divided by septum and mucosa
- Nasal Vestibule: Lined with hairs, superior to nostrils
- Nasal Conchae: Mucosa covered projections
- Produces mucous, filters, warms, and moistens air
- Aids in speech production
- Houses olfactory receptors
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
- Connects the pharynx to the trachea
- Made of cartilage and deep connective tissue
- Air passageway that prevents food from entering the lower respiratory tract
- Made of 9 hyaline cartilages
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Cricoid Cartilage
- Epiglottis
Glottis: Opening between vocal folds (vocal chords) that vibrates to produce sound
- Vestibular Folds/False Vocal Chords that close the glottis
Bronchi and Branches
- Left and Right main bronchi
- Right main bronchi is wider, shorter, more vertical than the left. Each enters the hilum of one lung.
- Lacks cartilage but has smooth muscles
- Connects trachea and alveoli
- "Fixes air"
- Each bronchus branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi
- Each bronchus lobar branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
Lungs and Alveoli
- Respiratory passageways
- Prevent lung collapse
- Allow for the exchange of gases
- The lungs make up all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum
- Consists of root, coastal surface, apex, base, hilum, vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Left Lung
- Seperated into superior and inferioir lobes by the oblique fissures
- Smaller than the right
- Contains the cardiac notch that fits the heart
Right Lung
- Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
- Super and inferior lobes are seperated by the horizontal fissure
- Middle and inferior lobes are separated by the oblique fissure
Trachea
- Houses the vocal folds
- Has C-shaped cartilage
- Air passageway
- Cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
- Composed of cartilage:
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Adventitia
- Carina: Found where trachea branches into the 2 main branches
Diaphragm
- Major muscle of respiration
- Dome shaped
- Contracts to create a vacuum effect
Respiratory Zone: Gas exchange sites that consist of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
- Respiratory membrane works as a blood barrier and allows for gas exchange across membranes by simple diffusion
Conducting Zone:
- Transports gas from gas exchange sites while "fixing" air
Layers of the pleurae The pleurae is a thin double layered serous membrane that divides the thoracic cavity into compartments
Visceral Pleurae:
- Membrane on the lung surface
- External
Pleural Fluid:
- Fills the pleurae cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae
- Provides lubrication
- Creates surface tension to reduce friction between membranes
Parietal Pleurae:
- Membrane on thoracic wall
- Found around and between lungs
- Internal
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
- Gases flow INTO the lungs
- Active process
- As the diaphragm contracts, thoracic volume is increased causing cardiopulmonary pressure to decrease
- Forced Inspiration: Occurs during vigorous exercise or COPD causing the thoracic cage size to increase and create a larger pressure gradients
Expiration
- Gases EXIT the lungs
- Passive process
- Inspiratory muscles relax so that thoracic cavity volume can decrease and intrapulmonary pressure can increase
- Forced Expiration: Active process that occurs when one forcibly expires more air from the lung than one normally would during each breathe
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Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory Volumes
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Residual Volume (RV): Amount of air that will ALWAYS remain in the lungs to keep the alveoli open.
SHOULD NEVER BE 0 - can lead to lung and alveoli collapse
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Dead Space
- Does not contribute to gas exchange
- Remaining air in passageways
- Alveolar Dead Space: Nonfunctional Alveoli
- Total Dead Space: Anatomical + Alveolar Dead Space