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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION, the Peace of Augsburg was…

- - - - because he received the protection of the German nobles
  - - - no agreement
      - The Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants
        
        Reformed
  - - - and formed an alliance called the Schmalkaldic League
    - - the Emperor and the Catholic German princes defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547
  - - - In the Low Countries
        
        the Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War(1568-1648)
        
        a rebellion against Spanish rule and a civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
        
        victory of the Calvinists
      - In the British Isles
        
        the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651)
        
        series of conflicts among the Catholics
        
        Anglicans and Puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland, which ended with the Anglicans gaining power
      - In France
        
        the wars between Catholics and Protestants continued into the second half of the 16th century
        
        There were very bloody episodes
        
        the massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572
        
        These conflicts ended in 1598 when King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes
        
        which granted the Protestants a certain amount of religious freedom
  - - - For example, in Switzerland the Calvinists executed the Spanish scientist Miguel Servet for his religious beliefs
    - - The Protestant kings and nobles gained more power
- - - - the clarification of their teachings
        
        The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained
        
        observing the seven sacraments
        
        recognising the Pope as the highest authority
        
        carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation
        
        venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
        
        need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
      - The repression of Protestantism
        
        whose followers were considered heretics
        
        The Inquisition was reinforced and an Index of forbidden books which opposed the Catholic faith, was published
      - internal reform
        
        Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
        
        Seminaries and universities were founded to improve the training priests received
        
        Bishops were more strictly controlled
        
        the sale of indulgences was prohibited
        
        the religious orders were reformed
        
        The Society of Jesus
        
        The Jesuits became the main group responsible for spreading the teachings
        
        Ignatius of Loyola in 1534