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Gender differences in the number of portions of fruit eaten in 7-days -…

- - - - Relatively easy to administer
      - Can be developed in less time (compared to other data-collection methods)
      - Cost-effective, but cost depends on survey mode
      - Can be administered remotely via online, mobile devices, mail, email, kiosk, or telephone.
      - Conducted remotely can reduce or prevent geographical dependence
      - Capable of collecting data from a large number of respondents
      - Numerous questions can be asked about a subject, giving extensive flexibility in data analysis
      - With survey software, advanced statistical techniques can be utilized to analyze survey data to determine validity, reliability, and statistical significance, including the ability to analyze multiple variables
      - A broad range of data can be collected (e.g., attitudes, opinions, beliefs, values, behavior, factual).
      - Standardized surveys are relatively free from several types of errors
    - - Respondents may not feel encouraged to provide accurate, honest answers
      - Respondents may not feel comfortable providing answers that present themselves in a unfavorable manner.
      - Respondents may not be fully aware of their reasons for any given answer because of lack of memory on the subject, or even boredom.
      - Surveys with closed-ended questions may have a lower validity rate than other question types.
      - Data errors due to question non-responses may exist. The number of respondents who choose to respond to a survey question may be different from those who chose not to respond, thus creating bias.
      - Survey question answer options could lead to unclear data because certain answer options may be interpreted differently by respondents. For example, the answer option “somewhat agree” may represent different things to different subjects, and have its own meaning to each individual respondent. ‘Yes’ or ‘no’ answer options can also be problematic. Respondents may answer “no” if the option “only once” is not available.
      - Customized surveys can run the risk of containing certain types of errors
  - - - Case studies allow a lot of detail to be collected that would not normally be easily obtained by other research designs. The data collected is normally a lot richer and of greater depth than can be found through other experimental designs.
      - Case studies tend to be conducted on rare cases where large samples of similar participants are not available. An example of this is the study of Phineas Gage by Harlow, J.M. This example also connects with the point above with the depth of data obtained. Cases of brain damage are quite minimal and it is extremely rare to find people with the exact same parts of the brain affected. To be able to gain knowledge of brain functions the damage between people have to be exact to ensure you are testing the right thing, this can generally only be done through case studies.
      - Within the case study, scientific experiments can be conducted.
      - Case studies can help experimenters adapt ideas and produce novel hypotheses which can be used for later testing.
      - Knowledge! Again to Phineas Gage, his contributions to neuropsychology and the workings of the brain are invaluable.
    - - One of the main criticisms is that the data collected cannot necessarily be generalised to the wider population. This leads to data being collected over longitudinal case studies not always being relevant or particularly useful.
      - Some case studies are not scientific. Freud used case studies for many of his theories or studies. Such examples are that of Anna O and Little Hans. Both of these are not scientific nor are they able to be generalised. This can be attributed to them being case studies, but also Freudian theory in general.
      - Case studies are generally on one person, but there also tends to only be one experimenter collecting the data. This can lead to bias in data collection, which can influence results more than in different designs.
      - It is also very difficult to draw a definite cause/effect from case studies.
  - - - Control over variables
      - This kind of research looks into controlling independent variables so that extraneous and unwanted variables are removed.
      - Determination of cause and effect relationship is easy
      - Because of its experimental design, this kind of research looks manipulates variables so that a cause and effect relationship can be easily determined.
      - Provides better results
      - When performing experimental research, there are specific control set ups as well as strict conditions to adhere to. With these two in place, better results can be achieved. With this kind of research, the experiments can be repeated and the results checked again. Getting better results also gives a researcher a boost of confidence.
      - Other advantages of experimental research include getting insights into instruction methods, performing experiments and combining methods for rigidity, determining the best for the people and providing great transferability.
    - - Can’t always do experiments
      - Several issues such as ethical or practical reasons can hinder an experiment from ever getting started. For one, not every variable that can be manipulated should be.
      - Creates artificial situations
      - Experimental research also means controlling irrelevant variables on certain occasions. As such, this creates a situation that is somewhat artificial.
      - Subject to human error
      - Researchers are human too and they can commit mistakes. However, whether the error was made by machine or man, one thing remains certain: it will affect the results of a study.
  - - - It can be very time consuming.
      - It generates a vast amount of data.
      - By participating in activities, the researcher can inadvertently influence the other participants' behavior.
      - Active involvement in the group can cause the researcher to lose objectivity and may lead to bias.
  - - - It provides flexibility to the interviewers
      - The interview has a better response rate than mailed questions, and the people who cannot read and write can also answer the questions.
      - The interviewer can judge the non-verbal behavior of the respondent.
      - The interviewer can decide the place for an interview in a private and silent place, unlike the ones conducted through emails which can have a completely different environment.
      - The interviewer can control over the order of the question, as in the questionnaire, and can judge the spontaneity of the respondent as well.
    - - Conducting interview studies can be very costly as well as very time-consuming.
      - An interview can cause biases. For example, the respondent’s answers can be affected by his reaction to the interviewer’s race, class, age or physical appearance.
      - Interview studies provide less anonymity, which is a big concern for many respondents.
      - There is a lack of accessibility to respondents (unlike conducting mailed questionnaire study) since the respondents can be in around any corner of the world or country.