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Colorectal Cancer - Coggle Diagram
Colorectal Cancer
clinical manifestation
A persistent change in bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation and a change in the consistency of stools.
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persistent abdominal discomfort such as cramping, gas, or pain
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Pathogenesis
caused by a mutation in one of the DNA mismatch pair of , which include MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM. Mutations in these genes inhibit the ability for proper mismatch repair during replication, causing an accumulation of DNA
Another hereditary form of colorectal cancer is familial adenomatous polyposis. This is caused by mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, which controls the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway. Most patients with this form of colorectal cancer develop it at a very young age. Inflammatory bowel disease is also associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Many lifestyle factors influence the risk of developing colorectal cancer. These risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, and increased body weight. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus also have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Previous studies have shown that 16-71% of colorectal cancers in Europe and the US are caused by lifestyle factors.
Genomic and epigenomic instability contributes greatly to the formation of colorectal cancers. Some major forms of instability include
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diagnostics
If colorectal cancer is suspected then a biopsy will be done during a colonoscopy. Beginning at the age of 40 a colonoscopy should be done every ten years.
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Incidence/prevelance
Approximately 4.4% of men (1 in 23) and 4.1% of women (1 in 25) will be diagnosed with CRC in their lifetime.
African Americans are about 20% more likely to get colorectal cancer and about 40% more likely to die from it than most other groups.
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risk factors
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A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats.
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