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KAREN MORALES PERIOD 6 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram
KAREN MORALES PERIOD 6 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
functions in olfaction and speech
respiration involves 4 processes
Circulatory system
Internal respiration
exchange of O2and CO2between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
Respiratory system
External respiration
exchange of O2and CO2between lungs and blood
Pulmonary ventilation
(breathing): movement of air into and out of lungs
supply body with O2 for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2
lower respiratory
structures**
Trachea
extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi
wall of 3 layers
Submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands that help produce the mucus “sheets” within trachea
Adventitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue
Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
Bronchi and branches
:Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching
respiratory zone
Respiratory zone begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory.bronchioles, which lead into alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs
inside alveoli sacs is alveoli, 300 million alveoli make up most of lung volume
Respiratory membrane
:Blood air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes. allows gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion very thin
conducting zone structures
Each main bronchus then branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi
Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
Trachea divides to form right and left main (primary) bronchi.Each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung
Branches become smaller and smaller.Bronchioles: less than 1 mm in diameter. Terminal bronchioles: smallest of all branches, less than 0.5 mm in diameter
Lungs
occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for mediastinum
Apex:
superior tip, deep to clavicle
Base:
inferior surface that rests on diaphragm
Costal surface:
anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
Hilum:
found on mediastinal surface, it is the site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Root
: site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
Right lung
: separated into superior, middle, and inferior lobes.Superior and middle lobes separated by horizontal fissure.Middle and inferior lobes separated by oblique fissure
Left lung
: separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure.Smaller than right because of position of heart.Cardiac notch: concavity for heart to fit into
Larynx
(voice box)
function
provides patent airway, routes air and food into proper channels. voice production
Framework of larynx consists of nine hyaline cartilages (except for epiglottis), connected
by membranes and ligaments
Cricoid cartilage:
ring-shaped. paired arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages
epiglottis
Consists of elastic cartilage
vocal folds
Vocal ligaments: form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
Glottis: opening between vocal folds.Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
Vestibular folds (false vocal cords). no sound production, help glottis close
Speech: intermittent release of expired air during opening and closing of glottis
Thyroid cartilage
: large, shield-shaped cartilage that resembles an upright open book
extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to hyoid bone.Opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea
upper respiratory
Pharynx
3 regions
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsils located in lateral walls of fauces
Lingual tonsil located on posterior surface of tongue
Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
Nasopharynx
Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located on posterior wall
Air passageway (only air) posterior to nasal cavity
Laryngopharynx
posterior to upright epiglottis
Passageway for food and air
function
: passageway for air and food
funnel-shaped muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6
Paranasal sinuses
form ring around nasal cavities
located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
function
: lighten skull may also warm, moisten, ands inter incoming air
Nose
only external portion of respiratory system. divided into 2 regions:external nose and nasal cavity
external nose
root (area between eyebrows); bridge, dorsum nasi (anterior margin), and apex (tip of nose) Nostrils (nares)
NASAL CAVITY
Found within and posterior to external nose.Divided by midline nasal septum
Nasal conchae
:Scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
Nasal vestibule:
nasal cavity superior to nostrils.Lined with vibrissae (hairs) that filter coarse particles from inspired air.lined with mucous membranes, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
function
: produces mucus, filters, warms, and moistens incoming air, resonance chamber for speech
LOWER RESPIRATORY
Conducting zone
: conduits that tranport gas to and from gas exchange sites
Respiratory zone
: site of gas exchange.Consists of microscopic structures such as respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
ducts, and alveoli
DISORDERS
Laryngitis
: inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations
Pleurisy:
inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia.inflamed pleurae become rough, resulting in friction and stabbing pain with each breath
tonsillitis
:Infected and swollen tonsils can block air passage in nasopharynx, making it necessary to breathe through the mouth
Atelectasis:
lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles which cause collapse of alveoli
THE PLEURAE
Visceral pleura:
membrane on external lung surface
Pleural fluid fills slitlike pleural cavity between two pleurae. it provides lubrication and surface tensions that help in the stretched an recoil of lungs
Parietal pleura:
membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs
thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
MECHANICS OF BREATHING
Pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases
Expiration:
gases exit lungs ( passive process)
Inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, and lungs recoil. volume decreases
Forced expiration is an active process
Inspiration:
gases flow into lungs.
As thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs are stretched as they are pulled out with
thoracic cage
Active process involving inspiratory muscles
Action of intercostal muscles: when external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out. results in increase in thoracic volume
Action of the diaphragm: when dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out.increase in thoracic volume
Boyle’s law: relationship between pressure and volume of a gas. Inspiration occurs when our lungs expand. Lungs get bigger, and that increases the volume. According to Boyle's Law, lung pressure decreases as a result of the increased volume. Expiration occur when lungs return to a smaller volume.
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Intrapulmonary pressure
:pressure in alveoli
Transpulmonary pressure
: pressure that keeps lung spaces open, prevents lungs from collapsing. Intrapulmonary minus intraplueral pressure= trans pulmonary pressure
Atmospheric pressure
:Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
intraplueral pressure
:pressure in pleural cavity
Respiratory volumes and capacities
: respiratory volumes can be used to assess respiratory status. combinations of volumes can calculate respiratory capacities
RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES
combinations of 2 or more volumes
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
: residual + expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity (VC)
: tidal+inspiratory reserve+ expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
: tidal + inspiratory reserve volume
Total lung capacity (TLC):
sum of all lung volumes
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
: amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs
Tidal volume (TV):
amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
Residual volume (RV)
: amount of air that always remains in lungs
GAS EXCHANGE
Internal respiration:
diffusion of gases between blood and tissues.involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
External respiration:
diffusion of gases between blood and lungs.(pulmonary gas exchange) involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes