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The Progressive Movement, Progressive Concerns :thought_balloon:, When did…

- - - - Direct Election of Senators :ballot_box_with_ballot:
        Replaced previous election of Senators by legislations which may involve much corruption and thence lack of democratic representation
        e.g. Nevada was the 1st state to allow voters decide on selecting Senators (1899)
        e.g. 30 states passed laws to involve popular choice through a preferential primary (1912)
        
        Role of Party Machines & Bosses :moneybag:
        Supported Progressive Reform because of reform-minded bosses to aid the working class and because of the appeal to voters
        Moreover, City Government & Political Candidates did not change radically as the Party Machines work along to provide candidates with money required for campaigns and publicity
        (Not Abolished)
        
        17th Amendment (1913)
        Authorised the Popular Election of Senators
- - - - 18th Amendment (1919) :writing_hand::skin-tone-3:
        prohibited the sale, manufacture and transport of alcohol beverages
        
        Impact :champagne::shallow_pan_of_food::confetti_ball:
        
        Difficulty in Enforcement
        e.g. only 1520 agents (1920) who were poorly paid and likely subjected to bribe
        
        Some opposed and defied prohibition
        
        'Speakeasies' and nightclubs flourished in big cities under protection of political machines
        e.g. New York had 32,000 'speakeasies' (1929)
        
        The Volstead Act (1919)
        enacted to implement prohibition
- - - - Impact of WWI (US Entry - 1917 April) :explode:
        As women worked diligently and contributed to the war effort, people felt that it was justified for women to be enfranchised
        
        19th Amendment (1919) :writing_hand::skin-tone-4:
        The Constitutional Amendment gave women the vote
- - - - Woodrow Wilson's Actions (1913-1921) :left-facing_fist::skin-tone-2:
        
        Federal Trade Commission (1913)
        It replaced the Bureau of Corporations (1903) and had more power over the trusts in theory but did not in reality due to Wilson's appointing of unenthusiastic commissioners
        
        Clayton Anti-trust Act (1914)
        It had more power by making restrictive business practices, such as price discrimination, illegal, held big businessmen individually responsible and closed important legal loopholes; however, it had limited impact in reality
        
        Big Business & Progressivism :male-office-worker::
        One view is that progressivism helped to keep the United States conservatism - in its capitalist society of regulating big business. Contrastingly, another view was that big business worked alongside with progressivism to bring its house into order - and that of America... together.
        
        Shared a similar 'gentlemen's approach'
    - - :speech_balloon:
- - - - Muckrakers
        
        Influenced public opinion into progressiveness
        e.g. Lincoln Steffens of the 'McClure's Magazine' started the series of muckraking by exposing political and business corruption with other magazines following suit (1902 - 1907)
        e.g. Daughter of an Oil Producer ruined by Rockefeller, Ida Tarbell attacked Rockefeller though 'The History of the Standard Oil Company' (1904)
    - - Regulate Big Business
        Dominance of Big Corporations
        e.g. 1% of the total of industrial firms produced 44% of USA's manufactured goods
      - Political Reform
        Corrupt Party Machines and City Government e.g. Tammany Hall (NY)
        Women Suffrage Movement
        e.g. Dr Anna Howard Shaw, Alice Paul, NWSA (1869), AWSA (1869), NAWSA (1890) & National Women's Party, NWF (1916)
      - Social Justice
        Social problems of the "have nots" poor working class
        e.g. child labour, factory inspections, alcohol consumption & old age pensions
      - Distribution of Wealth
        Wealth Gap & Taxation
        e.g. Richest 1% possess 51% of national wealth while the poorest 44% owned 1.2% of property (1890)
        e.g. Andrew Carnegie's $23 million income (1900) while paying no income tax
    - - Similar ideals to Progressivism (except free silver) such as the anti-elitist dominance and the preservation of the "ordinary" people in essence of reform
    - - Americanism Socialism
        e.g. Eugene Debs founded the Socialist party of America (1901)
        e.g. Victor L Berger was the first Socialist Representative to be elected to the HoR, Congress (1910)
        e.g. More than 60 cities elected Socialist mayors (1912)
        e.g. Socialist Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle' which was infamous upon American meatpacking improvements (1906)
      - Growth of Trade Unions
        e.g. American Federation of Labor (AFL) had more than 1.4 million members (1904)
        e.g. Violent strikes were common
        -> Fear of "class wars" & radical revolutions
    - - Status
        
        American values of individualism and materialistic success threatened by:
        
        Upper-class big business & political bosses
        
        Lower-class immigrants
      - Order
        
        To establish efficiency and stability in a chaotic society
      - Social Conscience
        
        Care and concern for the working-class
    - - Intellectual
        
        Scientific methods to develop social progress and growing acceptance and demand for governmental intervention
        e.g. Henry George's 'Progress and Poverty' (1879)
        e.g. Edward Bellamy's 'Looking Backward' (1888)
      - Religious
        
        Social Gospel (American Protestants) being promoted through books sermons and articles to help the poor and needy instead of doing nothing since God determined the distribution of wealth
        e.g. Charles Sheldon's novel 'In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do?' (1896)
        e.g. Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America (1908) was vocal in support of social welfare legislation
        e.g. Churches organised philanthropic enterprises and community services to help the needy