CH7-2
7.5 Introduction to Personality
I
Describe and compare research methods that psychologists use to investigate personality.
Case study
Description: focus study on one case.
Perspective incorporating this method: psychoanalytic, humanistic.
Advance: cheaper methods
Weakness: May not generalize to the larger population
Survey
Description: systematic questioning of a random sample of the population
Perspective incorporating this method:
trait, social-cognitive, positive psychology
Advance: results tend to be reliable and can be generalized to the larger population
Weakness: May be expensive; correlational findings
J
Identify the contributions of major researchers in personality theory.
7.6 Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality
K
Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of personality with other theories of personality.
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Unconscious: individual proceed without awearness
Ego: sense of self-esteem
Id: responds directly and immediately to basic urges
Super Ego: make people feel bad through guilt
Defense Mechanisms: people use to detach them form un-pleasent situation
Psychosexual Development
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Fixated: attatchment to something or someone
Oral Stage: From kids during this age, their primary focus is on mouth (Sucking and rooting) / turns into fixation, kids will suffer with drinking, eating, smoking and nail biting for oral stage or generally issues with dependency and aggression.
Anal Stage: Focus of control of bladder and bowel movements,toilet training. / OCD
Phallic Stage
Oedipus Complex-Castration Anxiety: irrational fear torwards father
Electra Complex-Penis Envy: girl represses the hostile female competition,
Genital Stage: develops a strong sexual interest in people outside of the family
Latency Stage: oral phase' the 'anal phase' the 'phallic phase' the 'latency phase' the 'genital phase'.
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Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Carl Jung
Collective Unconscious: mankind as a whole and originating in the inherited structure of the brain / type of unconsciousness
Archetypes: personalities that play a role in influencing human behavior
Compensation: consciously or unconsciously
Inferiority Complex: sense of inferiority that is wholly or partly unconscious
Anxiety: feeling of being helpless and alone in a world experienced as potentially hostile
Neurotic Trends: attitudes toward life that provide a feeling of security
7.8 Humanistic Theories of Personality
K
Compare and contrast humanistic theories of personality with other theories of personality (people are intrinsically good, with an innate drive to make themselves better)
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Carl Rogers
Maslow’s Self Actualization: levles of human motivation
Ideal Self vs Perceived Self: person isexperiencing conflict between their perceived and real self.
Unconditional Positive Regard: showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what that person says or does
L
Speculate how cultural context can facilitate or constrain personality development, especially as it relates to self-concept.
7.7 Behaviorism and Social Cognitive Theories of Personality
M
Compare and contrast the behaviorist and social cognitive theories of personality with other theories of personality.
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Social Cognitive Theory: posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic
Self-Efficacy: an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
External Locus of Control: successes or failures result from external factors beyond their control
Internal Locus of Control: believe that the outcomes of their actions are results of their own abilities
Collectivist vs Individualistic cultures: different countries emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires
7.9 Trait Theories of Personality
N
Compare and contrast trait theories of personality with other theories of personality.
16 Personality Factors and Analysis
7.10 Measuring Personality
O
Identify frequently used assessment strategies, and evaluate relative test quality based on reliability and validity of the instruments.
Projective Tests
Rorschach Inkblot: projective test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): projective test that involves describing ambiguous sense
Objective Tests
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): psychological test that assesses personality traits and psychopathology
-Psychodynamic: human behavior is a dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind
-Psychoanalytic: deterministic and unconscious
-Humanistic: free will and choice
-Sigmund Freud
use of defense mechanisms. idea that we sometimes lack awareness of our true motivations. Insight-based therapy- simply knowing the cause of the problem dissolves the problem
-Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order. Overcompensating, middle child syndrome, sibling rivalry.
-Albert Bandura
social cognitive perspective. emphasizes interaction between person + environment.
-Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
Big Five Trait Theory (CANOE: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion)
-Carl Jung
unconscious is not just repressed thoughts and feelings. "collective unconscious". archetypes: hero figure, mother figure. Introversion vs. extroversion
-Abraham Maslow
real self vs. ideal self. congruence vs. incongruence. In order to achieve idea self your beliefs and your behavior must be congruent.
-Carl Rogers
person-centered approach. Growth-promoting environments vs. growth limiting environments.
Big 5 Traits: extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.
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Abstractedness: Imaginative versus practical
Apprehension: Worried versus confident
Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
Emotional stability: Calm versus high-strung
Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
Openness to change: Flexible versus attached to the familiar
Perfectionism: Controlled versus undisciplined
Privateness: Discreet versus open
Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
Rule-consciousness: Conforming versus non-conforming
Self-reliance: Self-sufficient versus dependent
Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-minded
Social boldness: Uninhibited versus shy
Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed
Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting
Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved