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CH7-2 - Coggle Diagram
CH7-2
7.5 Introduction to Personality
I
Describe and compare research methods that psychologists use to investigate personality.
Case study
Description: focus study on one case.
Perspective incorporating this method: psychoanalytic, humanistic.
Advance: cheaper methods
Weakness: May not generalize to the larger population
Survey
Description: systematic questioning of a random sample of the population
Perspective incorporating this method:
trait, social-cognitive, positive psychology
Advance: results tend to be reliable and can be generalized to the larger population
Weakness: May be expensive; correlational findings
-Psychodynamic: human behavior is a dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind
-Psychoanalytic: deterministic and unconscious
-Humanistic: free will and choice
J
Identify the contributions of major researchers in personality theory.
-Sigmund Freud
use of defense mechanisms. idea that we sometimes lack awareness of our true motivations. Insight-based therapy- simply knowing the cause of the problem dissolves the problem
-Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order. Overcompensating, middle child syndrome, sibling rivalry.
-Albert Bandura
social cognitive perspective. emphasizes interaction between person + environment.
-Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
Big Five Trait Theory (CANOE: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion)
-Carl Jung
unconscious is not just repressed thoughts and feelings. "collective unconscious". archetypes: hero figure, mother figure. Introversion vs. extroversion
-Abraham Maslow
real self vs. ideal self. congruence vs. incongruence. In order to achieve idea self your beliefs and your behavior must be congruent.
-Carl Rogers
person-centered approach. Growth-promoting environments vs. growth limiting environments.
7.8 Humanistic Theories of Personality
K
Compare and contrast humanistic theories of personality with other theories of personality (people are intrinsically good, with an innate drive to make themselves better)
Carl Rogers
Ideal Self vs Perceived Self: person isexperiencing conflict between their perceived and real self.
Unconditional Positive Regard: showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what that person says or does
Maslow’s Self Actualization: levles of human motivation
L
Speculate how cultural context can facilitate or constrain personality development, especially as it relates to self-concept.
7.6 Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality
K
Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of personality with other theories of personality.
Unconscious: individual proceed without awearness
Ego: sense of self-esteem
Id: responds directly and immediately to basic urges
Super Ego: make people feel bad through guilt
Defense Mechanisms: people use to detach them form un-pleasent situation
Psychosexual Development
Fixated: attatchment to something or someone
Oral Stage: From kids during this age, their primary focus is on mouth (Sucking and rooting) / turns into fixation, kids will suffer with drinking, eating, smoking and nail biting for oral stage or generally issues with dependency and aggression.
Anal Stage: Focus of control of bladder and bowel movements,toilet training. / OCD
Phallic Stage
Oedipus Complex-Castration Anxiety: irrational fear torwards father
Electra Complex-Penis Envy: girl represses the hostile female competition,
Genital Stage: develops a strong sexual interest in people outside of the family
Latency Stage: oral phase' the 'anal phase' the 'phallic phase' the 'latency phase' the 'genital phase'.
Neo-Freudians
Carl Jung
Collective Unconscious: mankind as a whole and originating in the inherited structure of the brain / type of unconsciousness
Archetypes: personalities that play a role in influencing human behavior
Alfred Adler
Compensation: consciously or unconsciously
Inferiority Complex: sense of inferiority that is wholly or partly unconscious
Karen Horney
Anxiety: feeling of being helpless and alone in a world experienced as potentially hostile
Neurotic Trends: attitudes toward life that provide a feeling of security
7.7 Behaviorism and Social Cognitive Theories of Personality
M
Compare and contrast the behaviorist and social cognitive theories of personality with other theories of personality.
Social Cognitive Theory: posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic
Self-Efficacy: an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
External Locus of Control: successes or failures result from external factors beyond their control
Internal Locus of Control: believe that the outcomes of their actions are results of their own abilities
Collectivist vs Individualistic cultures: different countries emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires
7.9 Trait Theories of Personality
N
Compare and contrast trait theories of personality with other theories of personality.
16 Personality Factors and Analysis
Abstractedness: Imaginative versus practical
Apprehension: Worried versus confident
Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
Emotional stability: Calm versus high-strung
Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
Openness to change: Flexible versus attached to the familiar
Perfectionism: Controlled versus undisciplined
Privateness: Discreet versus open
Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
Rule-consciousness: Conforming versus non-conforming
Self-reliance: Self-sufficient versus dependent
Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-minded
Social boldness: Uninhibited versus shy
Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed
Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting
Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved
Big 5 Traits: extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.
7.10 Measuring Personality
O
Identify frequently used assessment strategies, and evaluate relative test quality based on reliability and validity of the instruments.
Projective Tests
Rorschach Inkblot: projective test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): projective test that involves describing ambiguous sense
Objective Tests
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): psychological test that assesses personality traits and psychopathology