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Academic Vocabulary (part 2) - Coggle Diagram
Academic Vocabulary (part 2)
Numbers
Figures and numbers are both used to talk about statistical data in a general sense
There is no final ‘s’ on hundred/thousand/million used with whole numbers
The figures/numbers in the report need to be read critically.
When writing about currencies, write $440 m. (440 million dollars).
Rates
are expressed as percentages
may also be per thousand
Percentages
are commonly used for expressing rates of change
Simplification
If the actual number is not important, words such as
various
dozens
scores
few
less than expected
a few
approximately 3–6 depending on context
several
approximately 3–4
various
approximately 4–6
dozens of
approximately 30–60
scores of
approximately 60–100
Further numerical phrases
one in three
twice/three times as many
five/tenfold increase
double/halve
the highest/lowest
a quarter/fifth
the majority/minority
on average/the average
a small/large proportion
5–20 per cent=a tiny/small minority
21–39 per cent=a minority
40–49 per cent=a substantial/significant minority
51–55 per cent=a small majority
56–79 per cent=a majority
80 per cent+=a large majority
Prefixes and Suffixes
Prefixes
change or give the meaning.
Negative prefixes:
NON-, UN-, IN-, IM-, MIS-, DE-, DIS-
define meaning
PRE- usually means ‘before’
Suffixes
show the meaning or the word class
Some suffixes such as -ION, -IVE or -LY help the reader find the word class
suffixes add to meaning, e.g. -FUL or -LESS after an adjective have a positive or negative effect
Prepositions
Noun + preposition
Verb + preposition
Adjective + preposition
Phrasal verb
Preposition of place
Preposition of time
Phrase
Among (large group)
between(limited number)
Verbs and prepositions
add to
associate with
. believe in
blame for
concentrate on
consist of
depend on
derive from
point out
invest in
learn from
Synonyms
Synonyms are not always exactly the same in meaning
it is important not to change the register
Many common words (e.g. culture, economy or industry) have no effective synonyms.
Time Markers
for six weeks-with numbers, without
start date
by 12 June-on or before
until March-end of a period
during the winter-with noun