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molecules in organic chemistry - Coggle Diagram
molecules in organic chemistry
nucleophiles
Cl-, Br-, OH-, CN-, NH3, H2O
they are attracted towards atoms bearing a partial (delta positive) or full positive charge
negatively charged ions or neutral molecules that are electron rich
they are capable of donating an electron pair to form a new covalent bond
electrophiles
positively charged ions or neutral molecules that are electron deficient
H+, NO2+, SO3
they are attracted towards atoms bearing a partial (delta negative) or full negative charge
they are capable of accepting an electron pair to form a new covalent bond
haloalkanes
haloalkanes (alkyl halides) are substituted alkanes in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a halogen atom
monohaloalkanes
contain only one halogen atom
can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom containing the halogen atom
they can take part in elimination reactions to form alkenes using a strong base, such as K or NaOH in ethanol
they can take part in nucleophilic substitution reactions with:
aqueous alkalis to form alcohols
alcoholic alkoxides to form ethers
ethanol cyanide to form nitriles (chain length increase by one carbon atom) can can be hydrolysed to carboxylic acids
alcohols
alcohols are substituted alkanes in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a hydroxyl functional group, -OH
alcohols can be prepared from:
haloalkanes by substitution
alkenes by acid-catalysed hydration (addition)
aldehydes and ketones by reduction using a reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4)
ethers
ethers can be regarded as substituted alkanes in which a hydrogen atom is replaced with an alkoxy functional group, -OR, and have the general structure R'-O-R", where R' and R" are alkyl groups
the shorter chain attached to the -OR gives the first name, (methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy...) and the longer chain gives the surname (methane, ethane, propane, butane...)
ethers can be prepared in a nucleophilic substitution reaction by reacting a monohaloalkane with an alkoxide
due to a lack of hydrogen bonding between ether molecules, they have lower boiling points than the corresponding isomeric alcohols
amines
amines are organic derivatives of ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia has been replaced by an alkyl group
amines can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the number of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom
primary, secondary and tertiary amine molecules can hydrogen-bond with water molecules, thus explaining the appreciable solubility of the shorter chain length amines in water
amines react with acids to form salts
primary and secondary amines, but not tertiary amines, display hydrogen bonding, As a result, primary and secondary amines have higher boiling points than isometric tertiary amines
amines, like ammonia, are weak bases and dissociate to a slight extent in aqueous solution, the nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons which can accept a proton from water, producing hydroxide ions