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THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, image, image, image, image…
THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
The armed peace in Europe
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE
two phases
The Bismarckian system (1871–1890)
Otto von Bismarck
established a system of alliances
objectives
maintain Germany hegemony
prevent France from declaring war
Bismarck managed to avoid conflict
20 years
Wilhelm I
used diplomacy to maintain the balance of power
Bismarckian system
The second system
1879
secret Double Alliance
Germany
Austria-Hungary
1881
Alliance of the three emperors was re-signed
1882
Triple Alliance
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Germany
The third system
1887
Triple Alliance was renewed
The first system
Three Emperors' League was signed
1872
The expansionist foreign policy of Wilhelm II (1890–1914)
focused on
obtaining a colonial empire
throne
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II
the political hegemony caused
Triple Entente (1907)
not renew the Reinsurance Treaty
most important power in Europe
military development
economic development
a period called
ARMED PEACE
reason
tension between the European countries was growing
The First World War
PHASES OF THE WAR
Trench warfare (1915–16)
defend themselves using
heavy artillery
tanks
poison gas
machine guns
flamethrowers
built trenches
ditches in the ground
Battle of Jutland
German fleet was defeated
Incorporation and withdrawal of allies (1917)
political and social revolution in the Russian Empire
signing the Peace of Brest-Litovsk
Germany initiated submarine attacks
Initial German offensives (1914)
First Battle of the Marne
German troops advanced on the Eastern Front
Schlieffen Plan into effect
Germany
not succesful
Japan occupied the German colonies
China
Pacific
The end of the war and the Armistice (1918)
Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated
Armistice was signed
Second Battle of the Marne
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY DURING THE WAR
What happened
goods production decreased
consumer
Agricultural
products and prices increased
Rationing was introduced
industrial sector concentrated on
cannons
planes
weapons
uniforms
black market developed
established a war economy
new jobs
young men
recruited into the armed forces
Women
fill the positions the men had left
ALLIANCES
Central Powers
Italy belonged to
Triple Alliance
Austro-Hungarian Empire + German + Ottoman empires
joined by Bulgaria
Allies
Serbia was allied with
Triple Entente
Great Britain
Russian Empire
France
later...
United States
Greece
Romania
Portugal
Italy
China
Japan
various Latin American republics
Belgium
THE PEACE SETTLEMENT
France considered Germany to be responsible for the war
wanted it to pay for the damage
Paris Peace Settlement was agreed
Woodrow Wilson
proposed a peace agreement
Fourteen Points
Five separate treaties were ratified
Paris Peace Conference
conditions that would be imposed on the defeated countries
PARIS PEACE SETTLEMENT
Hungary
Treaty of Trianon
Bulgaria
Treaty of Neuilly
Austria
Treaty of Saint Germain
Ottoman Empire
Treaty of Sèvres
Germany
Treaty of Versailles
THE CAUSES OF THE WAR
Serbia
angry about the expansion
Austro-Hungarian Empire
France wanted to recover
Alsace-Lorraine
competed for control of the Balkans
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Russian Empire
competed for control of colonies
France
Germany
saw the supremacy of its merchant
Great Britain
consequences of these causes
increase their military capability
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
was assassinated
created a pre-war atmosphere
Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia
THE CONSEQUENCES
territorial consequences
Redistribution of the colonies
countries which benefited the most
Great Britain
France
The new map of Europe
Russian Empire
Latvia
Lithuania
Finland
Estonia
Poland
German Empire
part of Czechoslovakia
part of Poland
German Republic
Ottoman Empire
part of Arabia
Palestine
Iraq
Syria
Jordan
Lebanon
Turkey
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Austria
Yugoslavia
social and economic consequences
Incorporation of women in the workplace
Loss of Europe's economic power
Destruction of the cities
Decrease in population
