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C1 (Groups in the periodic table, separation techniques, Charges of…

- - - - .
        
        the atoms become larger
        
        the outer electron becomes further from the nucleus
        
        the force of attraction between the nucleus and the outer electron decreases
        
        the outer electron is lost more easily
    - - With water
        
        Potassium, K - Burns violently with sparks and a lilac flame; quickly melts to form a ball; disappears rapidly, often with a small explosion
        
        Lithium, Li - Fizzes steadily; slowly becomes smaller until it disappears
        
        Sodium, Na - Fizzes rapidly; melts to form a ball; quickly becomes smaller until it disappears
      - With oxygen
        
        React to make metal oxides
        
        At room temperature, oxygen reacts with the surface of the metal. This forms a white oxide, which covers the surface. The metal below the surface does not react.
        
        Burn vigorously when heated and placed in a jar of oxygen
      - With chlorine
        
        React to form chlorides
        
        Chlorides are white solids which dissolve in water to form colourless solutions
  - - - .
        
        the molecules become larger
        
        the intermolecular forces become stronger
        
        more energy is needed to overcome these forces
    - - React with metals to produce salts
        
        Salts are ions held together with ionic bonds
      - Sodium and chlorine react vigorously when heated, giving an orange flame and clouds of white sodium chloride.
      - Displacement reactions
        
        A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from solutions of its salts
- - - - Simple distillation can also separate a solute from a solvent, when the solvent has a lower boiling point than the solute
      - The vapour released passes through a condenser, where the gas cools back into a liquid.
      - The mixture is heated until the liquid with the lower boiling point starts to boil.
  - - - .
        
        Crystallisation separates solutions into their different parts: dissolved solids (solutes) and liquids (solvents).
        
        Crystallisation is performed by heating the mixture so that the solvent evaporates.
        
        Eventually, crystals of the solute (dissolved solids) will form.
        
        We can collect the solvent (liquid) by condensing it as it evaporates.
    - - .
        
        Filtration separates mixtures that contain insoluble (can't dissolve) solids and liquids (which are soluble).
        
        Filtration is performed by pouring the mixture through filter paper:
        
        The insoluble solid is trapped by the filter paper.
        
        The liquid runs through the filter paper and is collected below.
    - - .
        
        Chromatography separates solutions with a number of different solutes (solids) in the solvent (liquid).
        
        Place a drop of the solution to be separated near the bottom of a piece of chromatography paper. Dip the very bottom of the paper into a suitable solvent. The solvent (liquid) moves up the paper and carries the solutes (solids) in the solution with it.
        
        Different solutes (solids) move at different speeds, so they separate on the paper.
- - - - Protons have a relative charge of +1.
      - Protons are found in the nucleus.
      - An element’s atomic number is the number of protons it has.
      - All atoms of the same element will have an identical number of protons.
  - - - Electrons have a relative charge of -1.
      - Electrons are found in fixed orbits around the nucleus.
      - In any atom, the total number of negative electrons equals the number of positive protons, meaning atoms have no overall electric charge.
      - Neutrons (0)
- - - - The products are found on the right of equations.
      - The chemicals that are being made are called the products.
      - The reactants are found on the left of equations.
      - The chemicals that are reacting with each other are called the reactants.
- - - - this became the nucleus
    - - Niels Bohr discovered that electrons orbit (fly around) the nucleus at fixed distances.
- - - - protium has 1 proton and 0 neutrons - it is used in fuel cells and plastic production and is the most common isotopes
      - deuterium has 1 proton and 1 neutron - it is used in nuclear fusion.
      - tritium has 1 proton and 2 neutrons - it is very rare and used in thermonuclear fusion weapons