MEDICAL IMAGING
STRUCTURAL IMAGING
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING
PET IMAGING
RatCAP Article - Experiment in which a PET scanner was placed on the heads of rats to allow for imagine while awake, rather than under anaesthesia
Uses radioactive nuclides which emit positrons (e.g. C-11 or O-15). As these positrons collide with electrons, they emit gamma rays 180 degrees from one another. These emissions are then recorded and mapped using electronic collimation.
SPECT IMAGING
Single Photon Emission CT - Uses a radioactive substance that emits a single gamma ray. Many of these emissions are used to 'map' an image of the object being scanned.
CT SCANNING
Computed Tomography - Uses a rotating x-ray tube with a fixed detector to measure transmission through an object. Many of these data points are then used to 'map' an image.
REGULATORY AFFAIRS
DESIGN HISTORY FILE (DHF)
DEVICE MASTER RECORD (DMR)
REGULATORY BODIES
EVIDENCE OF SAFE OPERATION
Risk Management
Input/Output
Verification - Device works properly
Validation - Fits the user's needs
Project Management
Specifications
Bill of Materials
Production Procedures
Equipment and Environmental Requirements
FDA - Food and Drugs Administration (USA)
CE Mark (European)
TGA - Therapeutic Goods Administration (AUS)
Literature Reviews
Risk Assessment
Pre-clinical - animal studies
Phase 1 - safety
Phase 2 - small efficacy group
Phase 3 - large efficacy group
Post-market data
ETHICS
BIOMECHANICS
NANOTECHNOLGIES
TISSUE ENGINEERING
ENGINEERS CODE AUSTRALIA
To demonstrate integrity
To practice compentently
Exercise leadership
Promote sustainability
ETHICAL THEORIES
Duty Ethics
Utilitarianism
Rights Ethics
Ethical Egoism
Virtue Ethics
SLEEP APNOEA
MICROFLUIDICS
BIOELECTRONICS
ISO13485
Quality Management System, dictated by the International Standards Organisation. Consistent around the world
20 point standard
Cells
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Biomaterials
Metals
Bioceramics
Biocompatibility
Polymer
Tested outside a normal biological context. e.g test tubes
In vivo - Tested on whole biological entities. e.g. in the body
Disadvantages: Corrosion, metal ion toxicity
Advantages: Strong, wear resistant and easy to sterilise
Advantages: Corrosion resistant, bioactive, easy to sterilise
Disadvantages: Easy to break, hard to fabricate
Advantages: Tailorable physically, biodegradable, easy to fabricate
Disadvantages: Leachable toxic compunds, wears, hard to sterilise
Living part of tissue
Stem cell types
Pluripotent: Gives rise to all cells by developing embryonic cells
Multipotent: Can develop into multiple similar cells
Active Targeting
The key is ligand-receptor interaction - each ligand matches a receptor and vice versa
Passive Targeting
Picks out gaps in blood vessels, thus swimming past 'normal' vasculature and killing tumours
Targeted Delivery
Less side effects
Limits over and under dosing by remaining within the effective range
Reduces frequency of administration
Biosensing and Imaging
Nanoparticles can be used to detect morphology of biological matter, often by using fluorescent nanoparticles
Ethical dilemmas in tissue engineering - at what point are we 'playing God?'
Lab-on-a-chip Devices
Silicon water
SU-8 resin
Mask
Develops into a chip when exposed to UV light
Flow Regimes
Laminar Flow: A fluid flows in parallel layers
Turbulent flow: has streamlines interacting and missing (all over the place!)
Diffusion
Molecular transport of mass driven by a concentration gradient
Brownian motion becomes less and less random as more particles are involved
Microfluidics used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
Challenging to control and program cell growth
Repair damaged organs
Disorder characterised by interruptions of breathing during sleep
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia: Difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA): Pauses in breathing during sleep
Causes intermittent blood oxygen desaturation
Stages of Sleep
REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
NREM (Non-Rem)
N1: Transition between wake and sleep
N2: Light sleep
N3: Deep sleep
Testing
Overnight sleep polysomnography (gold standard)
Oximeters
Actigraphy
ECG
Home sleep testing - beneficial because of the familiar enivronment
Computational Modelling
In silico (software) can be used to design tissue and prosthetics
Workflow for modelling
- Solid Modelling (CAD)
- Numerical Analysis
- Data acquisition
Electrical Impedance Tomography
Can be used in neural imaging to detect a stroke without imaging
Major bioelectronics breakthroughs in Australia
Circuits
Ohm's Law: V=IR
1961: Greyscale ultrasound
1979: Multi-channel Cochlear implant
1981: CPAP - Resmed
Parallel or Series
Prosthetics
Hip and Knee Replacments
Myoelectric control of limb prosthetics
Statics Formulas
F=ma
M=Fd
Visualisation
Free-body diagrams
Stress-strain curves
Engineering mechanics is extremely important to organ-on-a-chip microfluidic devices