Biomed Building

MEDICAL IMAGING

STRUCTURAL IMAGING

FUNCTIONAL IMAGING

PET IMAGING

RatCAP Article - Experiment in which a PET scanner was placed on the heads of rats to allow for imagine while awake, rather than under anaesthesia

Uses radioactive nuclides which emit positrons (e.g. C-11 or O-15). As these positrons collide with electrons, they emit gamma rays 180 degrees from one another. These emissions are then recorded and mapped using electronic collimation.

SPECT IMAGING

Single Photon Emission CT - Uses a radioactive substance that emits a single gamma ray. Many of these emissions are used to 'map' an image of the object being scanned.

CT SCANNING

Computed Tomography - Uses a rotating x-ray tube with a fixed detector to measure transmission through an object. Many of these data points are then used to 'map' an image.

REGULATORY AFFAIRS

DESIGN HISTORY FILE (DHF)

DEVICE MASTER RECORD (DMR)

REGULATORY BODIES

EVIDENCE OF SAFE OPERATION

Risk Management

Input/Output

Verification - Device works properly

Validation - Fits the user's needs

Project Management

Specifications

Bill of Materials

Production Procedures

Equipment and Environmental Requirements

FDA - Food and Drugs Administration (USA)

CE Mark (European)

TGA - Therapeutic Goods Administration (AUS)

Literature Reviews

Risk Assessment

Pre-clinical - animal studies

Phase 1 - safety

Phase 2 - small efficacy group

Phase 3 - large efficacy group

Post-market data

ETHICS

BIOMECHANICS

NANOTECHNOLGIES

TISSUE ENGINEERING

ENGINEERS CODE AUSTRALIA

To demonstrate integrity

To practice compentently

Exercise leadership

Promote sustainability

ETHICAL THEORIES

Duty Ethics

Utilitarianism

Rights Ethics

Ethical Egoism

Virtue Ethics

SLEEP APNOEA

MICROFLUIDICS

BIOELECTRONICS

ISO13485

Quality Management System, dictated by the International Standards Organisation. Consistent around the world

20 point standard

Cells

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Biomaterials

Metals

Bioceramics

Biocompatibility

Polymer

Tested outside a normal biological context. e.g test tubes

In vivo - Tested on whole biological entities. e.g. in the body

Disadvantages: Corrosion, metal ion toxicity

Advantages: Strong, wear resistant and easy to sterilise

Advantages: Corrosion resistant, bioactive, easy to sterilise

Disadvantages: Easy to break, hard to fabricate

Advantages: Tailorable physically, biodegradable, easy to fabricate

Disadvantages: Leachable toxic compunds, wears, hard to sterilise

Living part of tissue

Stem cell types

Pluripotent: Gives rise to all cells by developing embryonic cells

Multipotent: Can develop into multiple similar cells

Active Targeting

The key is ligand-receptor interaction - each ligand matches a receptor and vice versa

Passive Targeting

Picks out gaps in blood vessels, thus swimming past 'normal' vasculature and killing tumours

Targeted Delivery

Less side effects

Limits over and under dosing by remaining within the effective range

Reduces frequency of administration

Biosensing and Imaging

Nanoparticles can be used to detect morphology of biological matter, often by using fluorescent nanoparticles

Ethical dilemmas in tissue engineering - at what point are we 'playing God?'

Lab-on-a-chip Devices

Silicon water

SU-8 resin

Mask

Develops into a chip when exposed to UV light

Flow Regimes

Laminar Flow: A fluid flows in parallel layers

Turbulent flow: has streamlines interacting and missing (all over the place!)

Diffusion

Molecular transport of mass driven by a concentration gradient

Brownian motion becomes less and less random as more particles are involved

Microfluidics used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Challenging to control and program cell growth

Repair damaged organs

Disorder characterised by interruptions of breathing during sleep

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia: Difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA): Pauses in breathing during sleep

Causes intermittent blood oxygen desaturation

Stages of Sleep

REM (Rapid Eye Movement)

NREM (Non-Rem)

N1: Transition between wake and sleep

N2: Light sleep

N3: Deep sleep

Testing

Overnight sleep polysomnography (gold standard)

Oximeters

Actigraphy

ECG

Home sleep testing - beneficial because of the familiar enivronment

Computational Modelling

In silico (software) can be used to design tissue and prosthetics

Workflow for modelling

  1. Solid Modelling (CAD)
  1. Numerical Analysis
  1. Data acquisition

Electrical Impedance Tomography

Can be used in neural imaging to detect a stroke without imaging

Major bioelectronics breakthroughs in Australia

Circuits

Ohm's Law: V=IR

1961: Greyscale ultrasound

1979: Multi-channel Cochlear implant

1981: CPAP - Resmed

Parallel or Series

Prosthetics

Hip and Knee Replacments

Myoelectric control of limb prosthetics

Statics Formulas

F=ma

M=Fd

Visualisation

Free-body diagrams

Stress-strain curves

Engineering mechanics is extremely important to organ-on-a-chip microfluidic devices