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1625-1629, Origins of Civil War. - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Evidence of James effort to maintain a balanced foreign policy
        
        1604, Treaty of London, ended war with Spain (Catholic, anti-french)
        
        1609, Alliance with France in Julich Cleves Succession crisis.
        
        1612, Alliance with German protestant Union (protestant. anti-Hapsburg, anti-catholic).
        
        1613, Marriage of Daughter Elizabeth to Elector Frederick V of the Palatinate
        
        1613-18 and 1622-23, Pursuit of Spanish princess for Charles.
      - Thirty Years War
        
        In 1618, tensions in Europe erupted into conflict. A conflict in which Catholic and Protestant power blocs fought for dominance over Europe. This conflict was impossible to avoid for Britain as Frederick of the Palatinate was his son and law and he had sparked the war.
        
        Causes - German Prince, Frederick accepted the disputed throne of Bohemia offered to him by rebelling nobles. The throne belonged to the Spanish Catholic Dynasty known as the Hapsburgs. Spanish and Bavarian retaliated by occupying the palatinate. This forced the royal family into exile and war raged across Europe for 30 years.
  - - - Elizabeth died in significant debt that transferred to James.
      - War was expensive and England was still at War wit Spain.
        
        Needed to display generosity through Patronage to new subects.
        
        Reluctant to call parliament for funding as they would want 'Redress of grievances'.
        
        Scotland was relatively poor and he had overestimated how much money the English court had instead.
        
        The Great Contract
        
        160, Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury devised the Fiscal measure known as 'The Great Contact'. Undoubtly, would have revolutionized Crown Parliament relations.
        
        Contract addressed the fact that it was the English Monarchs responsibility to raise the money for the safe governance, defence and expansion of the kingdom. He had prerogative fiscal measures to raise the funding. The great contact was intended to clear James debt and set the crown on annual budget of £200,000.
        
        Failure of the contract:
        
        Salisbury was in House of Lords and couldn't manage the Commons as well.
        
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  - - - Convened a Conference Hampton Court conference - January 1604. Debate between 4 Puritans and 2 Bishops. Hopes of Presbyterian structure scrapped: "No Bishop! No King!". Firm response to church losing Episcopal structure.
        
        Hampton Court Conference
      - Millenary Petition
    - - Gunpowder Plot
      - recusancy Fines increased
        
        Catholics removed from government posts
        
        Catholics had to affirm to Oath of Allegiance in 1606
        
        Growth of fear of catholicism
    - - Up until 1618, outbreak of Thirty Years War, James was successful at maintaining a balance of Religion in the English Church. Had remained broad enough to please moderates and Puritans enough to maintain civilness.
        
        1604, appointed anti-puritan - Richard Bancroft to Archbishop of Canterbury who favoured strict religious conformity: removed 9 Puritan Clergy
        
        1611, appointed Puritan - George Abbot to Archbishop. In 1618, worked with James on Book of Sports (outraged many Puritans).
        
        1604, Revision of official Book of Common Prayer
        
        Established the official liturgy in Ireland and England, but showed considerable flexibility within the Scottish church. He introduced it more slowly in Scotland, revised it to include more Sottish elements. Stopped short of pushing it through parliament in 1619 due to resistance.
  - - - Responsible for raising and approving legislation and had to consent to certain types of taxation for which the king needed to raise money. King had prerogative right to dissolve, recall and prorogue parliament without consulting anyone.
        
        James inherited a very different style of parliament in Scotland to that in Scotland. He found English parliament argumentative with a growing sense of independance:
        
        Differences between Scottish and English Parliament
        
        Scottish parliament
        
        Unicameral (1 chamber)
        
        King could use appointments to control who was in parliament
        
        King could intervene in selection of elected members
        
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        English parliament
        
        Bicameral (2 chambers
        
        King very limited in ability to place supporters in commons
        
        King limited in ability to influence local elections
        
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- - - - High on Charles's agenda was a strong anti-Spanish policy which was very expensive. He required about 1 million pounds so he called parliament in hope of subsidies and to also confirm his right to tonnage and poundage.
        
        tonnage and poundage was a tax on imports and exports used to support their navy in patrolling the seas. It was awarded by Parliament.
        
        The commons mistrusted Charles's foreign policy due to Buckingham's involvement, they only granted two subsidies (£140,000) and one year tonnage and poundage. Which was insufficient funding.
        
        Tonnage and poundage was very politically sensitive due to how closely Buckingham was directing Charles. They believed he was politically over-dominant, and held far too many titles which granted lots of power, such as Lord High Admiral which made him a direct beneficiary of tonnage and poundage.
        
        The house of Lords refused to ratify the limitation as it went against tradition. Charles took it as a direct attack on his divine right of rule and collected past the one year.
    - - Without adequate parliamentary funds, charles resorted to asking the court for voluntary gift, through the royal prerogative.
        
        However in 1626 few volunteered so chares introduced another prerogative measure, the forced loan. All liable were summoned. The public manner made refusal to pay a act against the king.
        
        Opposition was substantial, much of which was anonymous however some were more open. For example, 1627, Thomas Scot MP attacked Buckingham in print, writing that subjects may disobey and refuse an unworthy kings command. He states that he is a wicked ruler who failed to punish evil subjects in a way which affected relationships between king and parliament.
        
        Some judges refused to endorse the legality of the forced loan, E.g Chief Justice Carew was dismissed consequently. George Abbot, the Archbishop of Canterbury was suspended for refusing to license a sermon by Robert Sibthorpe defending the Forced Loan..
      - Five Knights Case, 1627
        
        The King ordered the imprisonment of 76 Gentry and the Earl of Lincoln who refused to pay but did not have them charged on specific offenses.
        
        In November 1627, five of the 76 decided to force confrontation by issuing a writ of habeas corpus. Under this they had to be tried for offence or freed, henceforth forcing Charles to take them to trial. The trial created a spotlight for constitutional controversy around the Kings authority to raise the loan. The judgement of Charles prerogative was upheld.