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GENDER - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Don't get breasts at puberty and have similar size hips to chest
      - Retain the physical appearance of girls
      - Sterile/ infertile as they do not develop ovaries
    - - Higher than average reading ability
      - Low performance on visual spatial and mathematic tasks
      - Socially immature, find it difficult to get along with peers
  - - - Studying atypical sex patterns contribute to nature vs nurture as they give insights into how chromosomes can affect behaviour, turner's girls have improved verbal ability
      - People with atypical sex patterns can be given Hormone Replacement Therapy. Klinefelter's males can be given testosterone at puberty and turners girls can receive growth hormone injections, oestrogen for boobs and progesterone for periods and womb health
      - Knowledge on these disorders means that they can be found at a younger age which means they can be treated quicker, and the treatment is better
    - - Population validity- It is difficult to generalise from atypical individuals to the wider population because they are a small group of unusual people and therefore not representative
      - Gender assumptions- establishing standard gender based behaviour is difficult. Maccoby and Jacklin found that there is more difference within genders that between them, it is therefore unrealistic to try and assign certain behaviours to each gender, so if there is not typical behaviour, it is hard to decide when someone is atypical
      - Cause and effect- Its hard to say whether chromosomes affect behaviours because, for example, Turners makes girls appear childlike which can make women appear like girls, which can cause them to receive different treatment and be socially immature- its not the chromosome that has directly made them immature
  - - - Tall and thin physique, gangly long and uncoordinated limbs
      - Some breast development and are then more prone to health disorders which affect women such as breast cancer
      - Underdeveloped testes which are infertile
    - - Difficulty with responses in stressful situations
      - poor memory, language and reading skills, problem solving
      - Shy passive and lacking sexual interest
- - - - Mutations here can lead to sex development disorders
      - Causes a fetus to develop male gonads (testes) and prevents the development of female reproductive structures (uterus and fallopian tubes).
      - Found in the Y chromosome, the sex determining gene, it is responsible for male sex development
  - - - A hormone from the androgen group
      - Produced mainly in the male testes, in very small amounts in the female ovaries
      - Associated with aggression, Nanne Van de Poll found that female rate who were injected with testosterone showed more physical and sexual aggression than controls
      - Starts being produced at about 8 weeks gestation, controls the development of male sex organs
    - - Reduces cortisol, the stress hormone, allowing new mothers to bond with thier babies and reducing the fight or flight response, making mothers prioritise caring for a baby
      - Men produce less oxytocin, and testosterone dampens its effects, this fuels the stereotype that men are less interested in relationships and intimacy
      - A hormone which stimulates lactation and causes the uterus to contract during labour
    - - Small amounts are in males, reducing body fat and maintaining sex drive
      - Has also been suggested to cause high emotions and irritability during the menstrual cycle, some researchers dispute the existence of PMS and in some cases it has been used as defense for crimes even as serious as murder
      - The main female hormone, is important to the menstrual cycle and reproductive system, determining female sex characteristics
    - - Hormones can influence gender development, chromosomes can't
      - In the womb, hormones cause the development of reproductive organs
      - Chemical substances which circulate in the blood, controlling and regulating activities in certain cells and organs
      - They trigger the development of secondary sex characteristics in puberty, such as pubic hair, breasts
  - - - Van Goozen studied trans women who were having hormone treatment, and found that they had decreased aggression and decreased visuo-spatial skills and that trans men found the opposite to be true, this suggests that the hormonal changes could be the reason for change in gender based behaviour
      - Dabbs et al found that prison offenders with the highest testosterone levels were most likely to be responsible for violent or sexually motivated crimes, this links hormonal activity to gender stereotypical crime/ behaviour
      - A boy called David Reimer had his penis off at birth due to a failed circumcision, the doctor, Dr Money, believed that he should be raised female, but when he reached puberty David reverted to living as a man, this suggests that biological sex could be more important in determining gender than social factors
    - - Conflicting theories-
        
        SLT may be more appropriate as it considers the importance of cultural influence on gender such as gender role stereotypes
      - Population validity-
        
        Many studies on biological factors in sex have small samples of unusual people such as van goozen or they're on animals
        
        Means results can't be generalised
      - Conflicting evidence-
        
        Tricker injected men with either testosterone or a placebo for 10 weeks and saw no significant difference in behaviour
        
        If testosterone affected behaviour you would expect to see a change in the experimental group
        
        Double blind method adds validity
- - - - 2- gender stability
        
        Is aware that gender is fixed and a boy cannot grow up into a woman
        
        Confused by external changes in appearance such as dressing is stereotypically opposite gendered clothing or different hair
        
        Occurs at ages 4-6
      - 3- gender constancy
        
        Children realise that changes in behaviour and appearance does not change gender identity
        
        Gender is now a constant thing
        
        At this stage children start to learn gender appropriate behaviour
        
        Occurs at ages 7- 12
      - 1- gender identity
        
        Recognises own gender as male or female
        
        Can label others as male or female
        
        Judgements are made on external features such as clothes
        
        Do not understand that gender is permanent so some boys say they want to be a mummy when they grow up
        
        Occurs in ages 2-3
    - - Weaknesses
        
        Conflicting research- Thompson
        
        Shows children can understand gender stereotypes and concepts before they achieve gender constancy
        
        Questions the order in which gender is developed according to Kohlberg
        
        Found that children as young as 2 could categorise items into belonging to either a male or female
        
        Opposing theory
        
        Found that children hold strong views about gender stereotypes and norms/ expectations, despite not having achieved gender constancy
        
        This opposes Kohlberg as he suggests you learn stereotypes and norms after gender constancy is achieved, but this research suggests otherwise
        
        Martin and Little measured gender concepts in 3-5 year olds
        
        Methodological issues
        
        This means children could have a more complex understanding of gender than he reported
        
        This gives the theory low internal validity
        
        Kholberg's theory was developed using very young children, who may not have been able to fully express their thoughts on their own gender identity as they lack vocab and knowledge
      - Strengths (supporting research)
        
        Munroe
        
        Found the sequence of gender development to be consistent across Kenya Nepal Belize and Samoa
        
        Supports the idea the Kohlberg's theory is universal, and that it is not affected by cultural differences
        
        McConaghy
        
        Found that children aged 3 1/2 to 4 used clothes and hair, external features to decide on the gender of a doll rather than genitals
        
        Suggests they're inbetween gender identity and gender stability as Kholberg suggests
        
        Slaby and Frey
        
        Suggests that the stages do occur in the order they're presented
        
        Found that the stages may all start earlier due to increased exposure to media at a young age
        
        Found that all children who had achieved gender constancy had also achieved identity and stability
  - - - Out- group schema- A group a child does not idenitfy with such as the opposite gender with different interests
      - Own- schema- Includes gender appropriate beliefs on traits behaviour and roles for them
      - In-group schema- A social group the child identifies with such as same sex children with similar interests
      - Schema- Basic unit of intelligence which is adapted and acquired through experience
    - - +
        
        Martin and Little research
        
        Supports the gender schema theorys idea that gender knowledge is acquired early
        
        Rivals Kohlbergs theory which suggests gender knowledge can only be acquired after gender constancy is acheived at age 7-12
        
        Found children under the age of 4 to show no signs of gender constancy or stability but they had strong gender based beliefs which were also seen in thier behaviour
        
        Liben and Signorella research
        
        When recalling, the children recalled the gender of the adult incorrectly, fitting in with thier schemas
        
        Also supports the idea of resilient gender schemas
        
        Showed children images of geder innapropriate gender in adults such as male nurse
        
        Martin and Halverson research
        
        Children were most likely to accurately recall the photos of appropriate behaviour
        
        For the innapropriate behaviour, children were likely to modify the sex of the adult to make it appropriate to thier pre-existing schema
        
        Children shown photographs of adults doing either stereotypically gender appropriate or innapropriate behaviour
        
        Supports the idea that gender beliefs are resilient
      - _
        
        Social influence
        
        Children may receive praise for acting appropriately and be punished for rebelling against stereotypes
        
        Ignores factors such as operant conditioning in the acquisition of gender knowledge
        
        This theory is therefore incomplete as it only considers cognitive influences on gender
        
        Kane and Sanchez research
        
        Whilr studying married couples, found that even when people hold beliefs about gender equality and equal division of household labour, the woman still does most of the chores and househol tasks
        
        This suggests that gender schemas dont necessarily affect behaviour otherwise we would see equality in these results
        
        Argued that schemas dont affect gendered behaviour
        
        Bias- Bauer
        
        This may be because a mans role in society is much more clear and fixed, therefore easier to learn and replicate, whereas women have a more complex and diverse role
        
        This difference means that it is not accurate to assume that girls and boys acquire gender schemas in the same way or at the same pace, so these theories ignore the complex social factors that affect gender acquisition
        
        Bauer found that young boys put gender schemas into thier behaviour far earlier than girls
        
        Therefore there is beta bias, assuming no difference between men and women