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The armed peace in Europe
What is?
A period in Europe (1870-1914)
although there was peace, tension between the European countries was growing
in this period countries were dedicating a large part of their production to manufacturing weapons.
The importance of the German Empire
After the unification of Germany in 1871, it became the most important power in Europe
economic and military development
Two phases of German foreign policy during this period
The Bismarckian system (1871–1890)
German emperor
used diplomacy to maintain the balance of power between European countries
Wilhelm I
The chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, established a system of alliances
Austro-Hungarian Empire
the Russian Empire
Italy
The objectives of these alliance
to maintain Germany hegemony in Europe to such an extent that the main concern of other European countries would be to maintain friendly relations with Germany
to prevent France from declaring war on Germany to recover Alsace-Lorraine, lost during the unification of Germany
the arms race
Bismarck managed to avoid conflict in Europe for twenty years strengthening the German army
other European countries built up their armies too because if they did not, their armies would be weaker than the German army if there was a war.
systems
The second system
1881
the Alliance of the three emperors was re-signed
1879
the secret Double Alliance
Germany-Austria-Hungary
1882
the Triple Alliance
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
The third system
the Triple Alliance was renewed
the Reinsurance Treaty
Germany signed this secret alliance with the Russian Empire
The first system
1872
'Three Emperors' League was signed by
Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary
Wilhelm I of Germany
Tsar Alexander II of Russia
The expansionist foreign policy of Wilhelm II (1890–1914)
German emperor
Kaiser Wilhelm II
came to the throne in 1888
changed the system of alliances
for an expansionist policy
focusing on obtaining a colonial empire that reflected Germany's growing economic power
Bismarck disagreed with Wilhelm II on foreign policy issues and resigned from his position in 1890
Wilhelm II did not renew the Reinsurance Treaty
because he did not think that Russia would ally with France
France and Russia became allies because of France's economic investment in Russian industry
Triple Entente (1907)
France
in order to try to stop Germany's expansion
Great Britain
Russia
