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NEW ENGLISHES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Singapore English
        
        Indian English
    - - Today approximately 75 territories where English is spoken as a L1 or unofficial or institutionalised L2. But it's difficult to establish because new varieties are contantly being developed
- - - - 2 a second language ESL in multilingual communities India, Nigeria, Singapore
        
        3 a foreign languageEFL used almost exclusively for international communication
- - - - inner circle
        
        English as a native language or mother tongue
        
        norm-providing
      - outer circle
        
        English as a Lingua Franca but not mother tongue. Used for higher education and legislature, judiciary
        
        mainly New Commonwealth countries
      - expanding circle
        
        English as medium of international communication
  - - - Phase 1 - Foundation
        
        Phase 2- Exonormative stabilisation
        
        settler communities start to stabilize. English increases in prominence modelled on the improted variety by the settlers. Speakers look to England for their formal norms. Bilingualism increases
        
        Phase 3 - Nativisation
        
        Phase 4 - Endonormative stabilisation
        
        gradual acceptance of local norms. Local Englishes express their new identities. Creativity in local English
        
        Phase 5 - differentiation
        
        new variety has emerged reflecting the local identity and culture
        
        MOST IMPORTANT AND DYNAMIC PHASE. Establishment of a new identity with the coupling of the imported STL and local IDG varieties
        
        introduction of English into a new territory where it wasn't spoken before. English settlers
        
        N.B.! expanding circle countres can develop their own Englishes without going through the first phase
  - - - next circle regional standards or standards that are emerging
        
        outer layer consist of localized varieties
  - - - second circle features which may become internetionally common or may fall into obscurity
        
        outer area 5 groups (American English, British English, other major varieties, local varieties, foreign varieties) each with features peculiar to their own speech community and which are likely to be understood by most members of the other 4 groups
  - - - 1 -transportation
        
        2- indigenisation
        
        relatively long phase during which the new variety of English starts to reflect the local culture and becomes different from the transported variety
        
        3 - the expansion in use
        
        the new variety is used in an increasing number of situations and for more and more purposes
        
        4 - institutionalisation
        
        use of the local variety as a language learning model in school
        
        5 - decline in use
        
        Englsh arrives in a place where it has not been spoken
  - - - English is not so much distributed as a set of established encoded forms, but it is spread as a virtual language
        
        debate on the nature of the new varieties of English and whether they can rightfully be called Englishes or whether they are, as is Widdowson's view autonomous languages / dialects
      - SPREAD
        
        implies adaptation and non-conformity
      - DISTRIBUTION
        
        implies adoption ad conformity