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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, CONCEPT DRAWINGS - Coggle Diagram
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
BIOLECTRONICS
International Biolectronics and Bioemedical Engineering Workshops
Biolectronics Device Development
MOTIVATIONS
Global Burden -
life long and intergenerational impact, developing origins of Health and Disease
; Solving problems of real clinical need
Biology and Physiology are molecular, but are closely linked to electric and mechanical phenomena
Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Low Cost Newborn Body Composition
Deuterium H2O, DXA, Skin Fold, Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP)
Portable, Non-Invasive, Low-cost
Phase 1 Design
- Continuous Rapid Prototyping;
Phase II
- Cross sectional validation study
BIOELECTRONICS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING
Computational Modelling, Physical Modelling (Gel and ex-vivo tissue Phantoms), Probes and Electrical Impedance Tomography
ETHICS
MAJOR ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS
ETHICAL EGOISM
UTILITARIANISM
DUTY ETHICS
RIGHTS ETHICS
VIRTUE ETHICS
MORALS
- personal rules that govern how we behave towards others; moral codes built from upbringing, culture, life experiences, religious beliefs;
distinction between right and wrong
VALUES
- what do you value in the world; element of subjectivity as it is influenced by upbringing, family, schooling, culture, region
ETHICS
- system of moral principles, by which human actions and proposals may be judged good or bad, right or wrong; how people apply morality in a given situation; Professional ethics is applied to quality assure or to adapt the application of a personal moral code
ENGINEERING AUSTRALIA CODE OF ETHICS
TO DEMONSTRATE INTEGRITY (MICRO)
TO PRACTICE COMPETENTLY (MICRO)
EXERCISE LEADERSHIP (MACRO)
PROMOTE SUSTAINABILITY
HUMAN BODY
PHYSIOLOGY
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NEURONS
Myelin Sheath
THE SYNAPSE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
NERVE IMPULSE PROPOGATION
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
CHEMICALLY (LIGAND) GATED
VOLTAGE GATED
MECHANICALLY GATED
ACTION POTENTIALS
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
ANATOMY
STATIC IMAGING
BONE ANATOMY
BONE CELLS
OSTEOCLASTS
- large cells that secrete enzymes to break down bone matrix
OSTEOBLASTS
- synthesise bone matrix
OSTEOCYTES
- maintain bone tissue structure (make new bone or degrade existing bone)
OSTEOPOROSIS
- low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, disruption of bone microarchitecture
JOINTS
Where two bones meet; joint structure determines direction and distance of movement; holds bones together;
the more mobility a joint has, the less stable it is
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS
ARTHRITIS
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF MUSCULAR CONTRACTION
- Actin (Thin Filament) and Myosin (thick filament) - When we contract muscles, they get shorter. Myosin pulls actin in - Sarcomeres cause contraction
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
STAGE ONE
- Excitation-Contraction Coupling
STAGE 2
- Cross-Bridge cycle
TISSUE ENGINEERING
Applies the principles of engineering and the life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function
MOTIVATIONS
- fractured bone regeneration, raging, burnt skin regeneration and healing, organ transplantation
Hard Tissue Application
SOFT TISSUE ENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES
Injured Tissue - Cells - Biomaterial - Molecules - Repaired Tissue
Cells in Tissue Engineering
- Living Part of tissue, produces protein and provides function of cells; gives tissue reparative properties; obtain cells through biopsies
Stem Cells
BIOMATERIALS
STRATEGIES
- Cellular Construct (cells in scaffold), Implant construct in vivo, Cell free constructs again implanted in vivo
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND ISO13485
Consistency of Results and Manufacturing Processes
ISO13485
- provides requirements for regulatory purposes
MEDICAL RECALLS
POLY IMPLANT PROSTHESE
NANOMATERIALS
Materials that have at least one dimension in nanometre scale
INTERACTION WITH LIVING CELLS AND TISSUES
IN VITRO
- cells cultured in presence of nanoparticles
IN VIVO
- Inhalation, Through skin, ingestion, intravenous
Therapeutics and Diagnostic Imaging
Drug/Biomolecule/Cell Delivery
BIOSENSING USING NANOPARTICLES
Uncontrolled Exposure to Uncontrolled Nanoparticles can be bad for health
GOLD NANOPARTICLES
MICROFLUIDICS
MANIPULATION
- Hydrodynamics of Laminar Flow
FLOW REGIME
Laminar Flow
- Fluid flows in parallel layers; relative width depends on flow rate and viscosity; mixing happens only be diffusion
Turbulent Flow
- unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other
DROPLET GENERATION
- Y-junctions, Capillary, T-Junction, Flow focusing
Continuous Flow (Single Phase)
Segmented Flow (Two Phase)
APPLICATIONS
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
ORGAN-ON-A CHIP
- drug development
Human On a Chip
MICROFLUIDIC TECHNOLOGIES IN CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
Organ-On-Chip
- Enables high-resolution, real-time imaging and in vitro analysis of biochemical, genetic and metabolic activities of living cells in a functional tissue and organ context
Potential to advance the study of tissue development, organ physiology and disease aetiology
Ex vivo model to test flow condition, platelet function and thrombosis dynamics
Novel Microfludic devices inspired by platelet Mechanobiology
REGULATORY AFFAIRS
Medical device development
THE DESIGN PROCESS
Regulatory Bodies
Patient Specific
NANOTECHNOLOGY
LAB ON A CHIP
FABRICATION
INNOVATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY
SLEEP APNOEA
- disorder characterised by interruptions of breathing during sleep; impacts the cardiovascular system, increased accident levels and quality of life issues
Sleep-Wake Regulation, Homeostasis and Circadian Rhythm
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia, Narcolepsy, Shift-Work Disorder, Parasomnias, Restless Legs Syndrome
Individual Impact
- impaired cognition, concentration, mood, quality of life, blood pressure and blood sugar control
Societal Impact
- increased accident and injury, healthcare, lost productivity, Lost Wellbeing, Economic Burden
MEASUREMENT OF SLEEP
Self-report, Sleep Diaries, Objective Measures
Overnight Polysomnography, ECG, EEG, EOG, EMG, Oximetry, Nasal Pressure, Nasal/Oral Airflow, Thorax/Abdomen Movement
Home Based-Diagnosis, Therapy Monitoring, Wearables/Smart Phone Apps, Academic Research
APNEOALINK AIR
SLEEPSCOUT/SLEEPVIEW
SOMTE PSG
RESMED
DISABILITY
CEREBRAL PALSY
- physical disability that affects movement and posture
CEREBRAL PALSY ALLIANCE
Provide targeted services to those living with cerebral palsy
Leading Research in the prevention, treatment and cure of Cerebral Palsy
Supporting children & adults with Cerebral Palsy and other Disabilities
TREATMENT
Robotic Walkers, Exoskeletons, Brain Computer Interfaces, Neural Interfaces, Stem Cells
BIOMEDICAL MODELLING
WORFKLOW
Data Acquisition
MEDICAL IMAGING
Solid Modelling
-
Replicates the geometry of the region of interest
in silico
Numerical (Finite Element) Analysis
Geometry, Material Properties, Loads, Boundary Conditions
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING
Prosthesis and Anatomy
Prosthesis modelled using Computer Aided Design
Anatomy cannot be modelled in CAD
SOLVING BIOMECHANICAL PROBLEMS
BIOMECHANICS
- Statics, Kinetics, Kinematics, Fluid Dynamics
F = MA
Moment
MECHANOBIOLOGY
Mechanobiology has emerged as a discipline to the study of the effects of mechanical forces and geometry on cell growth, motility, and functionality
MECHANOMICS
BIOFABRICATION
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
BIO-INKS
3D-BIOPRINTING
MECHANOSENSITIVE MOLECULE IN CANCER CELL PROGRESSION AND METASTASIS
-
CARDIOVASCULAR MECHANOBIOLOGY
HAEOMDYNAMICS
- importance of blood flow in
thrombotic diseases and medical device clotting
THROMBOSIS
Disease and Drug Screening Using platelet function tests
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Top cause of Death Globally
Heart Failure, Pericarditis, Cardiomyopathy, Heart Valve Disease, Arrhythmia, Peripheral Vascular Disease, Coronary Heart Disease, Aorta Disease
RISK FACTORS
- Smoking, High Cholesterol, High Blood Pressure, Physical Inactivity,
Diabetes
NEUROMODULATION AND IMPLANTABLE BIONICS
Neuro Device Modalities
- Pacing, Spinal Cord Stimulation, Cochlear Prostheses, Deep Brain Stimulation, Sacral Nerve Stimulation, Vagus Nerve Stimulation, gastric electrical stimulation
The Nervous System
Neuropathic Pain Treatment
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain
Deep Brain Stimulation
BIONIC EYE
COCHLEAR IMPLANTS
INDUSTRY
CORIN
RESMED
COCHLEAR
ABILITY MADE
Boston Scientific
CONCEPT DRAWINGS