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Elyza Vivar per.5 Respiratory system - Coggle Diagram
Elyza Vivar per.5 Respiratory system
Major functions of the respiratory system
gets oxygen from the atmosphere & removes carbon dioxide from the body cells
removes particles from incoming air, regulates temp & water content of the air , provides vocal sounds, regulates blood ph, & helps sense of smell
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose
- part of face; is the entrance to warm and moisten incoming air while also filtering the air
Nasal Cavity
- Hollow space behind nose; conducts air while moistening it and warming it
Sinuses
- Hollow space in skull bones; reduce weight of skull and are resonant chambers for our voice
Pharynx
- Chamber behind nasal cavity; passage way for and and food
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
-Enlargement at top of trachea; passageway for air, prevents foreign objects from entering, and houses vocal cords
Trachea
- Flexible tube that connects larynx with bronchial tree; passageway for air, mucous lining and filters particles from incoming air
Bronchial Tree
- Branched tubes that lead from trachea to alveoli; filters incoming air
Lungs
- soft cone-shaped organs that occupy a large portion of the thoracic cavity; contains air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, CT, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Layers of the pleurae
Visceral Pleura
- inner layer; attached to surface of each lung
Parietal Pleura
- outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
Muscles that expand the thoracic cavity
As the lungs expand in size, a lipoprotein mixture called
surfactant keeps the alveoli inflated, preventing collapse
Air moves from higher to lower pressure
When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric
pressure
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure
Expiration
Increased surface tension in the alveoli decreases their volume
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
As the diaphragm recoils, abdominal organs spring back to original shape, which pushes the diaphragm upward
As the lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
air rushes out of the lungs
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted by the air on all
objects in contact with it; force moves air into the lungs
inverse relationship
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease
Expiration
Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
Inspiration
pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm
below atmospheric pressure
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Spirometry
study of air volumes that move into and out of the lungs
due to different degrees of effort
Anatomic dead space
volume of air remaining in the bronchial
tree, that is not involved in gas exchange
Tidal volume (TV)
volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle
Residual volume (RV)
volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
volume of air that can be exhaled during a
maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
volume of air that can be inhaled in
addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration
Total lung capacity (TLC)
total volume of air the lungs can hold
Vital capacity (VC)
maximum volume of air that can be exhaled
after a maximal inspiration
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume of air that remains in
lungs after a resting expiration
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
volume of air that can be inhaled after a
normal, resting expiration
Internal vs. external respiration
Inspiration
- gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Expiration
- gas exchange between lungs and blood
Disorders of the respiratory system
COPD
-Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
Causes
- Asthmatic Bronchitis, Chemical fume exposure, and Air Pollution
Symptoms
- Wheezing, Increased Mucus, Chronic Cough
Treatment Options
- Antibiotics, Lung Transplant, and Oxygen therapy
Tuberculosis
-Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes
- contagious, weakened immune system, Drug and alcohol abuse
Symptoms
- Fever and fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and chest pain
Treatment Options
- Surgery, Medication, and Long-term antibiotics
Pneumonia
- Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Causes
- Viral infection, Bacterial infection, and aspiration
Symptoms
- Fever, chills, and chest pain
Treatment options
- Antibiotics, over the counter medication, and oxygen therapy
Lung Cancer
- Uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Causes
- smoking, Asbestos exposure, and radon gas
Symptoms
- Chest pain, chronic infections, and persistent cough
Treatment options
- Radiation, surgical removal, chemotherapy
Seasonal Flu
- A viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms
Causes
- Weakened immune system, chronic illness, and pregnancy
Symptoms
- Dry Cough, headache, and fever
Treatment options
- Early vaccination, over-the-counter medication, and antiviral medication