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Mary I, 1553 - 58 - Coggle Diagram
Mary I, 1553 - 58
Wyatt's rebellion 1554
thomas wyatt planning a prot rebellion against marys. news leaked of her marriage to philip, so wyatt plotted to overthrow mary and replace her with Edward Courtenay, a yorkist claimant, who would then marry elizabeth.
rebellion has been labelled as anti catholic and anti spanis. for philip having virtually no role in england, there was a lot of xenophobia. wyatt probz feared english gov woud be controlled by spanish interests.
it is true rebels supported protestantism: religious motive was identified as cause of rebellion in a book written by john proctor. book was commissioned by gov to put focus on religious discontent rather than the unpopular marriage
decline of cloth industry in kent created economic hardship, so people were able to use situation to air their grievances. local politics also caused instability, with some gentry families jockeying for positions of influence at court and in the county.
original plan was 4 rebellions to begin in march 1554. however, it was difficult to keep these plans secret and plotters advanced to feb to keep element of surprise. 3/4 failed to materialise. only wyatt gathered sufficient men - about 3000 in total. wyatt failed to cinvince londoners to join him; rebellion collapsed within a week.
unlike western and ketts rising, wyatts actions were serious because he threatened the capital, but they did fail to support him. mary realised LJG could be used as a figurehead to rebellion, so wyatt, ljg and her husband and about a 100 other conspirators were executed. elizabeth arrested on suspicion but let go after lack of evidence
Religious Reform
main objective was to reinstate traditional catholic doctrines, services and ornaments to church. she was brought up catholic by her mother, CoA.
when she saw her father maniuplate religion to divorce her mum, denied the popes authority and seized control of church for himself, mary was horrified. she saw break from rome as sinful and was determined to correct it.
Changes in legislation: parliament met in 1553. majority of commons passed first act of repeal which swept away all religious change under E6. doctrine restored to what it had been at the end of h8s reign. mary was persuaded by her advisers not to pursue more at this time
when she felt more secure under return of cardinal pole from exile in catholic europe in nov 1554, parliament met and passed the second act of repeal in jan 1555, which abolished all doctrinal legislation made since 1529. meant reinstatement of pope as head of church. it didnt however restore church lands, as this was too complex an issue to be resolved easily. using parliament to change religious doctrine also meant mps had gained a decisive role over religion
There was initial resistance, but mary believed protestantism lacked deep roots in english culture to survive. gov policy was now divided into two bits: education and persecution. to ensure catholicism took root again, emphasis was placed on better training and supervision of parish priests. bishops were instructed to set up local training schools and make regular visits to observe work of priests in their area. national decress laid down the standard expected from priests and new editions of the prayer book were issued for guidance.
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The Spanish Marriage
she was 37 and unmarried when she took the throne, and wanted catholicism to last her: she needed to marry and produce an heir.
she was close to her spanish relatives, and in 1553 she discussed the possibility of marriage to charles v's son, philip. the details were worked out without the privy council: it was a disaster because of this, as mary didnt take into account the reaction of her subjects
Opposition to the marriage: philip was a staunch catholic, and protestants were worried he would add strength to marys determination to reverse the reformation. philip was also heir to spain and its vast empire: it was assumed he would use england as a tool to further spanish ambitions and have little regard for interests of the country. there was also the question of how france would react, and what this would mean for relations with scot.
mary was desperate to marry philip, but was careful to limit his power in england. by the marriage agreement, he was to be called king but had no powers associated with the title. he was also forbidden from bringing foreigners into english gov and had no claim to throne upon marys death.
marriage took place july 1554: she always valued relationship more than him. her desperation was seen in the two apparently false pregnancies she had in 1554 and 1557.
Economy
efforts made to make rev collection more efficient by transferring more responsibility to the exchequer.
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