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PULM, Infectious, Normal, Fixing Abnormal, Non infectious, Pleural,…

- - - - Pressure Volume Curve
        
        Flow Volume Loop
        
        Pressure Volume Loop
      - Breathing Cycle
        
        Inspiration
        
        Expiration
        
        Rest
      - Changes in Intra-thoracic Pressure
        
        Muscles of Respirartion
        
        accessory
        
        Principal
      - Function - Thinking Abnormality
        
        By Process First
        
        Acquired or Non-Acquired
        
        Acquired
        
        Acute or Non-acute (chronic)
        
        Non-Acute (chronic)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Acute
        
        1 more item...
        
        Non-Acquired
        
        Congenital Lesions
        
        Hereditary/Non-Hereditary
        
        2 more items...
        
        By Location First
        
        Alveoli
        
        By Time
    - - End of Process : Gas/Exchange
        
        Respiratory Zone
        
        Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli : decreased resistance & increased flow
        
        Alveoli (90%) - Capillary Level
        
        Flow of air within alveoli - ventilation
        
        Ventilation / Perfusion Ratio ( V/Q)
        
        3 more items...
        
        Alveolar dead space : sum of volumes of the alveoli that do not participate in gas exchange. Alveoli are ventilated but not
        perfused.
        N.B. - physiological dead space = anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space
        
        Flow/ movement of Oxygen and Co2 between alveoli - capillary membrane - Diffusion
        
        1 more item...
        
        Concentration gradient
        
        2 more items...
        
        gas/ O2 Affinity
        
        3 more items...
        
        Flow of blood in capillary - Perfusion
        
        Increase in total cross- sectional area : ciliated columnar cells & branching
        Contrast from 30,000 respiratory bronchioles to 600 million alveoli
        
        Lung volumes , capacities & products
        
        Products
        
        surfactant , histamine ,prostaglandins , kallirein , ACE
        
        Capacities
        
        Inspiratory capacity , functional residual capacity , vital capacity , total lung capacity
        
        Volumes
        
        Tidal volume , inspiratory reserve volume , expiratory reserve volume , residual volume
      - Conducting Zone
        
        trachea to first generation / terminal bronchi : increased resistance
        
        smaller surface area when compared to respiratory zone
        
        Cleaning & warming air
        
        mucociliary escalator -mucus and cilia are a primary defense mechanism of the lungs : removal of of debris, warms and humidifies incoming air
        
        conduit
        
        provides route for incoming and outgoing air
        
        Anatomical dead space : volume of air in conducting zone N.B. - physiological dead space = anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space
  - - - Response
        
        Environmental Changes
        
        High Altitude
        
        Low PaO2
        
        Increased Hb, EPO
        
        Increased 2,3-BPG
        
        Right shift on dissociation curve
        
        Increased ventilation
        
        Low PaCO2
        
        1 more item...
        
        Exercise
        
        Increased O2 demand
        
        Increased Ventilation
        
        Lactic acidosis
        
        Increased CO2
        
        Sensors
        
        Central Control
        
        Effectors
        
        Muscles of respiration
        
        Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex
        
        Phrenic nerve
        
        Pontine Centre
        
        Control of respiratory rate, breathing pattern
        
        Central Chemoreceptors
        
        pH
        
        Medullary Centre
        
        Dorsal group
        
        Inspiration
        
        Ventral Group
        
        Active Expiration
        
        1 more item...
        
        Peripheral Chemoreceptors
        
        Carotid Bodies, aortic bodies
        
        PaO2, PaCO2
        
        Mechanoreceptors
        
        airways, lung parenchyma
- - - - GI Tract
      - Respiratory Diverticulum
        
        Bronchial Buds
        
        Right primary bronchus
        
        3 Secondary Bronchi (Lobar)
        
        Tertiary Bronchi
        
        Bronchioles
        
        1 more item...
        
        Left primary bronchus
        
        2 Secondary Bronchi (Lobar)
        
        Tertiary Bronchi
        
        Bronchioles
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Conducting Zone
        
        Nasopharynx
        
        Oropharynx
        
        Larynx
        
        Trachea
        
        Primary bronchi
        
        1 more item...
        
        Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
    - - Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
        
        Goblet Cells
        
        Secrete mucus
        
        Cilia
        
        Beat mucus up the airway
        
        Smooth Muscle
        
        Regulates flow
        
        Sympathetic Control
        
        Beta 2 Receptors
        
        Bronchodilation
        
        Parasympathetic Control
        
        M3 Cholinergic receptors
        
        Bronchoconstriction
        
        Club Cells
        
        Detoxifies Air
    - - Hiatuses
        
        Oesophageal T10
        
        Aortic T12
        
        Caval T8
      - C3, 4, 5
- - - - Poor breathing mechanics
        
        Poliomyelitis
        
        Guillain-Barre Syndrome
        
        Myasthenia Gravis
        
        Morbid Obesity
        
        Scoliosis
    - - Decreased lung volumes
        
        Increased FEV1/FVC ratio
    - - Sarcoidosis
      - Pulmonary Fibrosis
      - Pneumoconioses
      - Wegner's Granulomatosis
      - Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
  - - - Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio
    - - Emphysema
        
        Centriacinar
        
        Panacinar
      - Chronic Bronchitis
- - - - Malignancy
      - Pulmonary embolism
      - Pneumonia
  - - - CHF
      - Constrictive Pericarditis
      - Pulmonary embolism
- - - - SACCULAR STAGE
        
        ALVEOLAR STAGE
        
        Birth to 8 years
- - - - End of Process : Gas Exchange
        
        Respiratory Zone
        
        Alveoli
        
        Lung Volumes , capacities & products
      - Conducting Zone
    - - Changes in intrathoracic pressure