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Respiratory System, Karina Salazar P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System, Karina Salazar P.2
Major functions of the respiratory system
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide from the body cells
Consists of tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air, and transport it into the gas exchange areas, and microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
removes particles from incoming air
regulates temperature and water content of the air
provides vocal sounds
regulates blood pH
helps in sense of smell
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose
Nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit of air
Supported by bone cartilage
Nostrils contain coarse hairs, which prevent entry of particles
Nasal cavity
Divided medially by
nasal septum
, consisting of bone and cartilage
Nasal conchae
are scroll-shaped bones that divide the nasal cavity into passageways
Conchae supports mucous membranes and increase the surface area to warm, moisturize and filter incoming air
Paranasal Sinuses
Air filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Reduces the weight of the skull
serve as resonant chambers for the voice
Pharynx(throat)
Common passageway for air and food from nasal and oral cavities
Aids in producing sounds for speech
3 subdivisions:
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryhgopharynx
lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
Houses the vocal cords
An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the laryngopharynx
Transports air in and out of the trachea
Composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
consist of 2 pairs of vocal folds
Glottis; true vocal cords and opening between them
Epiglottis; can cover the opening to the glottis.(prevents food from entering the larynx)
Trachea (windpipe)
cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity
Splits into right and left primary bronchi
Cilia sweep mucus toward pharynx, where it is swallowed
Bronchial tree
Primary Bronchi;
first branches of the bronchial tree; branch directly off the trachea;leads to a lung
Secondary bronchi;
branches of the main bronchi; each enters a lobe of a lung
Tertiary bronchi;
branches of the lobar bronchi; each enters a segment of a lung
Bronchioles:
smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
Terminal Bronchioles:
branches off larger bronchioles; smallest bronchioles that conduct air, without performing gas exchange
Respiratory Bronchioles;
branch off terminal bronchioles; contain alveoli, so can perform gas exchange
Alveolar Ducts:
branch off respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar Sacs;
branch off alveolar ducts; consist of air sacs called aveoli
Alveoli:
consist of simple squamous epithelium which conducts rapid gas exchange between the air and blood with the associated capillaries; closely surrounded by extensive capillary networks
Lungs
Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs of the respiratory system
Separated medially by the mediastinum and enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage
Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
A primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
Right lung is larger than left lung
Right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior) and left had 2 lobes (superior and inferior).
layers of the pleura
A double layered serous membrane
Visceral pleura
Inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
Parietal pleura
outer later; lines the thoracic cavity
Serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers
compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Volume and pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
respiratory volumes and capacities
Tidal Volume:
volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500mL
Inspiratory reserve volume(IRV):
volume of air that can be inhales in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; avg is ~3,000mL
Expiratory reserve volume(ERV):
volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidial volume; avg. is ~1,200mL
Residual volume(RV):
volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; avg. is ~1,200mL; cannot be measured with a spirometer
Respiratory capacities:
combinations of 2 or more respiratory volumes.
Inspiratory capacity(IC):
is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV+TV (~3,500mL)
Functional residual capacity(FRC):
is volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV+RV(~2,300mL)
Vital capacity(VC):
is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV+IRV+ERV (~4,600mL)
Total lung capacity (TLC):
is total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC+ RV (~5,800); varies with age, gender, body size
Anatomic dead space:
is the volume of air remaining in the bronchial tree, that is not involved in gas exchange.
Internal Vs. external respiration
Disorders of the respiratory system