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Mazariegos_Graves_Calixto _Cuba - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Impact of World War one Cuba's economy was helped because of the war. The war disrupted world supplies of sugar from Europe thus led to a massive demand for Cuban sugar
      - Cuban-American Reciprocity Treaty: - December 1902 This gave Cuban sugar preferential treatment in the US market. It also reduced duties on the US imports. It encouraged greater US investment in Cuba
      - Dependence on the US economy: Cuba's export industry was dependent on two commodities. Their sugar was foreign-owned which led to Cuba's economy to be dependent on external factors.
    - - White Only Immigration: 1900, the US authorities began to advocate a 'white only' immigration policy. Because the Cubans were a racially mixed population, they were "unfit" to govern themselves.
    - - The republic and blacks:Juan Gualbeto Gomez and Martin Delgado both tried to promote the education and integration of blacks.
        
        Partido De Independiente de color: They were mainly progressive, pushed for more jobs in public administration to be given to blacks. Because of this the Morua Law was created which outlawed the formation of a party based on color
- - - - Establishing Spanish Control
        
        In 1492, Cristoforo Colombo 'discovered' 'the New World.' When he landed on Cuba, he declared it a Spanish possession.
      - In 1511, Diego de Velasquez landed on the coast of Eastern Cuba, where an establishment was settled at Baracoa.
      - In 1514, the Spanish settlement of Havana was established. Velasquez became the Governor of Hispaniola and Cuba.
      - Slavery in Cuba
        
        The local inhabitants of Cuba were ruthlessly exploited. They were forced labor in gold & copper mines.
      - The Spanish searched for slaves in other parts of Latin America and the Caribbean.
      - By 1821-31, it was estimated that 600,000 slaves were imported.
    - - Spanish Cuba's economy before 1800
        
        Until 1750, most sugar plantations were relatively small.
        
        During the second half of the 18th century, the number of slave ships rose from 6 to 200 a year.
        
        The number of sugar plantations in Cuba multiplied fivefold.
        
        By 1800, sugar was Cuba's greatest export. The wealth this generated soon turned Cuba into Spain's most valuable colony.
    - - External challenges to Spanish Control
        
        Spanish control of Cuba was challenged. The main threat came from Britain. They briefly seized Guantanamo in 1741, even taking Havana in August 1762, then occupying Cuba itself until February 1763.
      - The Saint-Dominigue Slave Rebellion (1791-1804)
        
        A slave revolt broke out in the wealthy French colony in April 1751. Inspired by the French Revolution, more than half a million black slaves- who were 90 percent of the islands population, rose up against their own white 'owners.' It was a revolutionary upheaval that lasted until 1804. It was led by Toussaint L'Overture.
        
        Toussaint L'Overture was a Haitian general, and one of the most prominent leaders of the Haitian Revolution.
        
        The name of Saint-Domingue's name was changed to Haiti.
        
        In Jan 1804, the rebellion declared it to be an independent country.
        
        About 30,000 French refugees, many of them former plantation owners, left Saint-Domingue and settlled in Cuba, bringing wealth and agricultural experience.
        
        A conspiracy in 1809 led by Ramon de la Luz to achieve independence from Spain failed because he did not get the support from Cuba's plantation owners.
      - The Impact of the Haitian Revolution on Cuba's blacks
        
        The events were very inspiring among Cuba's blacks. A rebel leader from Cuba's 'free people of colour' had a revolt take place in 1810.
    - - The Cuban elites and independence from Spain
        
        Cuban's white elites were afraid to support the independence movement, because they feared that they would lose Spanish support of the slavery system. They also feared the influence that the black population of Cuba could have on an independent Cuba.
      - Cuba's economic problems
        
        In the mid-19th century, Cuba was the worlds biggest single producer of sugar, but their productions had slowed down. They faced competition from Europe and North America.
        
        In 1817, slave trade was made illegal because of treaty's Britain forced Spain to sign. From then on, the number of slaves imported into Cuba declined considerably. By 1860, the slave trade had basically vanished.
      - Hopes of reform
        
        Cubans wanting reform were encouraged by internal developments in Spain. The new liberal government came to power. Political gatherings were banned and the press was censored and controlled.
      - Declining Spanish power
        
        The growing independence movement in Cuba was encouraged to take military action by Spain's lack of success in Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic.)
- - - - Early Actions
        
        Role of mambises - the guerrilla Cuban independence soldiers who fought against Spain in the Ten Years' War (1868–78) and Cuban War of Independence (1895–98).
      - Spanish repression
        
        Weyler and reconcentrados - In 1868 , General Weyler of Spain implemented the first wave of the Spanish " Reconcentration Policy" that sent thousands of Cubans into concentration camps. Under Weyler's policy , the rural population had eights days to move into designated camps located in fortified tows ; any person who failed to obey was shot
      - Rebels on the defensive
      - Spain’s reaction
        
        Spain responded to the Cuban insurgency by sending 100,000 soldiers to Cuba in 1895. After the United States government was drawn into the conflict in 1898, the end of Spanish rule became a reality.
    - - Early Actions
        
        Carlos Manuel de Cespedes - was a Cuban revolutionary hero and First President of Cuba in 1868. He was a plantation owner in Cuba , freed his slaves and made the declaration of Cuban independence in 1868 which started the Ten Years' War
        
        Grito de Yara - On October 10 , 1868 , the beginning of the Ten Years' War in Cuba occured and is known as El Grito de Yara and was the beginning of the First Cuban War of Independence
      - Spanish tactics
        
        Use of trochas - a line of fortifications , usually rough , constructed to prevent the passage of a an enemy across a region
      - Divisions within the rebels
        
        The rebels were called Mambies, from Spanish officer Juan Ethninius Mamby who led rebels in the Dominican fight for independence in 1844. Some of those same soldiers were assigned to Cuba during Cuba's first war of independence in 1868, bringing what had by then become a derogatory Spanish slur for insurgents.
      - The end of the War - the war was not successful but it did strengthen those feelings of collective Cubans , whose identity began to emerge in the early 19th century , by 1878 , a clear national consciousness had emerged among many Cubans
  - - - The Cuban Revolutionary Party- was a political revolutionary organization created by the Cuban intelectual Jose Marti on 10 April 1892 in order to organize the independence of Cuba and , as much as possible , Puerto Rico , two of the last overseas provinces of Spain in America
      - Planning the Second War of Independence- he realized the Cuban revolution had to have a new organizational and programmatic foundation. To this task, he devoted his work and his whole life. Marty’s pilgrimage through the Americas in the 1880s and early 1890s help to unite and organize the Cubans, and with Gomez and myself he work tirelessly towards the realization of Cuban independence. So well had they organize the anti-Spanish forces that their order for the uprising on February 24, 1895,.
  - - - Economic
      - Political
    - - The U.S. and Cuba (1800-1850)-The United Sates had millions of dollars invested in businesses in Cuba and there were many U.S citizens in residence there. The U.S also traded goods with Cuba. In 1898 , the United States assisted in war to protect its citizens and businesses in Cuba.
      - The U.S. and Cuba’s Second War of Independence- With the death of Jose Marti , the United States Intervened in 1899 through in 1902 and that was the fear that Jose Marti held as he knew that the United States wanted to take credit for the gain of independence.
      - The Maine Incident (February 1898)- A massive explosion of unknown origin sinks the battleship USS Maine in Cuba’s Havana harbor on Febuary 15 , 1898 , killing 260 of the fewer than 400 American crew members aboard. An offical U.S. Naval Court of Inquiary ruled in March that the ship was blown up by a main , whiteout directly placing blame on Spain
      - The Teller Amendment-
        It placed a condition on the United States military’s presence in Cuba. According to the clause , the U.S could not annex Cuba but only leave “ control of the island to its people “
        In short , the U.S would help Cuba gain independence and then withdrawal alll its troops from the country
      - The Spanish-American War (1898) -The Spanish American War of 1898 ended Spain’s colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and secured the position of the United States as a pacific power