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WOODS - Processes - Coggle Diagram
WOODS - Processes
Finishing
they're applied to improve aesthetics/ performance. A finish can enhance grain, change colour or add texture. Can improve performance by giving better moisture/ fungal resistance.Can seal timber/ protect against airborne pollutants.
Preparation - must be sanded smoothly along grain, rubbing down with methylated spirit removes surface dust and grease.
Polyurethane Varnish - though, hardwearing finish that's resistant to heat, water/ chemicals. Not UV resistant makes wood look fake.. Used on boats/ wooden flooring
Acrylic Varnish - milky/white appearance. Fast drying time/ doesn't yellow with age. Hardwearing/ less resistant to solvents, non-toxic, virtually odour free
Water based paints - used for applying opaque colour. Available in any colour, Low VOC's, 'toy safe' e.g interior woodwork/ furniture
Stains - apply colour to paint whilst keeping natural grain of wood exposed. Gives an aesthetic finish
Colour wash - gives an artistic, distressed look and accentuate details on a product e.g picture frames
Wax finishes - easy to apply, give natural looking finish that nourishes/ protects wood. Limited moisture protection. several coats needed. applied with lint free cloth. some are food safe/ non-toxic
Danish Oil - mix of oils and varnish. oil enhances wood's beauty/ water resistance, gives a durable/ satin finish, food sad once fully cured
Teak Oil - teak oil isn't made from teak but is ideal for use on dense hardwoods like teak. e.g outdoor furniture
Pressure treatment process - treated prior to being sold using an antimicrobial copper-based preservative e.g playgrounds/ fencing
Joints
Comb Joint - form boxes and carcasses, finger joints, simple/ effective/ aesthetic, can be created with router
Dovetail Joint - Prized for strength/ aesthetics, ideal for cabinets/ drawer construction. High skill but easy with a router. Superior directional strength.
Housing Joint - shelves/ dividers, channel cut through one piece which holds the second perpendicular piece. It's strong with glue but without it has sliding parts
Half-lap Joint - versatile, it's easy to construct. two overlapping glued pieces of wood. e.g picture frames, not very strong
Dowel Joint - quick, simple, effective. e.g construction, flat pack, cost effective.
Mortise and Tenon Joint - heavy duty, load bearing, used for timber frame work, high shear weight. Easy with CNC/ Flatpack
Forming
Lamination
Thin veneers or flexible plywood are glued together to make a permanent curved profile. A former helps apply uniform pressure to the ayers of timber while the adhesive cures.
Vacuum Bag Press
This offers an alternative forming method than using two formers. Laminate place on a one part mould. this is then encapsulated in a heavy duty polythene bag. A pump sucks air from the sealed bag. This forces the laminate into position.
Steam Bending
A steam box heats and softens the wood fibres to make it pliable/ easier to bend. this process works best with wood with pore structure e.g oak, ash. Steamed wood can be bent in all directions. Used for small, lightweight projects as well as structural, load-bearing forms.
Hand working
Chisels, gouges and planes have been used for centuries to manipulate wood by hand. Nowadays, many wasting processes are carried out by machines.
Machine Processes
Lathe turning - hold and spin workpiece is cut by cutting tools to waste wood bit by bit. e.g long cylindrical forms such as spindles and chair legs. Chucks grip/ secure workpiece at the headstock. The workpiece is screwed to the faceplate, then the faceplate is screwed onto the lathe
Routing/ milling
here,the cutting tools spin. These are big pieces of equipment, requiring lots of money and investment. They can be programmed to follow CAD designs. CNC manufacture. This allows mass production of flat pack furniture, kitchen units etc. tools are usually made from tungsten carbide and are suitable for harder materials. Milling machines move tool up and down laterally.
Handheld routers are spring loaded which allow steady up and down movement for cutting holes. straight plunge bits have blades at top and sides and used to cut holes in the workpiece
Profiles - profiles on mouldings such as architrave and beading are created with a router.
Specialist parts can be used to make a slot/ channel.
Wood Screws
different widths/lengths. most are made of mild steel plated in brass, zinc chrome etc. heads are countersunk so quick to install, screws join dissimilar materials e.g slot head (flat), pozi-drive, phillips.
Nuts, Bolts
and Coach bolts
can be a temporary/ permanent fitting. variety of different shapes and sizes. use washers to create folding/moving parts.
Coach bolts = used to build wooden structures e.g summerhouses. once they're installed, impossible to remove from head.
used in construction/ manufacture.
Knock down fittings
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They're designed to work with both manufactured and natural timbers and can join dissimilar materials. Glue-free dowell joints used to help locate parts/ add stability.
modesty blocks - preformed blocks hidden inside, Modern use in kitchens/ modular furniture. not very strong
Cam Fittings - highly accurate pre-drilled holes needed to function properly e.g storage units
Barrel nut and bolt - assemble furniture with large frameworks e.g beds, chairs, tables. Excellent shear strength/ clamping force
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