cardiovascular / Leslie Vieyra P.2
major components and functions of blood
transports oxygen and nutrients to the lung and tissues
ABO/ Rh blood types
major function of the cardiovascular system:
supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes the wastes from them
consists of arteries that transports blood away from the heart
has veins that transports blood towards the heart
contains capillaries that are vessels that ruhn between both the arteries and veins
pulmonary circuit: carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and drops off the carbon dioxide
the systemic circuit sends oxygen-rich blood to all body cells.
forms blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
carries cells and antibodies that fight infection
brings waste products to the kidney and liver, which filter and clean the blood
helps maintain or distribute homeostasis as well as heat
anatomy of the heart
ABO groups
Type O
Type AB
Type B
Type A blood
Antigen D
has antigen A on RBC membranes and has ant-A antibodies in plasma
most common blood type
compatible to any red blood cells that are positive
neither antigens in RBC membrane
antigen A and Antigen B
rarest blood type
universal plasma donor
A and B antigen on RBC membrane
found on surface of red blood cells
if blood has the protein, you're Rh protein
if your blood lacks the protein, then that means that your Rh negative
chambers
2 upper atria
2 low ventricles
right and left atrium
receives incoming blood
right and left ventricles
valves
tricuspid valve:
located between the right atrium and right ventricle
pulmonary valve:
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
mitral valve:
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
aortic valve:
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
lies between the lower right heart chamber (right) and the pulmonary artery
layers of the heart:
epicardium (outer layer of the heart)
myocardium (middle layer)
endocardium (the inner layer)
a serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelium
decreases friction in the heart
consists of the cardiac muscle and is the thickest layer of the heart wall
pumps blood out of heart chambers
made up of connective tissue and epithelium
continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart
contains the Purkinje fibers
coverings of the heart
pericardium: a membranous sac that encloses the heart
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fibrous pericardium: the outer tough connective tissue
serous pericardium: inner, most delicate, double layer
parietal pericardium: the outer layer of the serous membrane, which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
visceral pericardium: the inner layer of the serous membrane, that covers the heart
pericardial cavity: the space between the visceral and parietal layers , which contains serous fluid for reducing friction between the layers
blood flow through the heart and body
superior and inferior vena cava: brings blood back from the systemic circuit to the right atrium
tricuspid valve: allows blood flowing into the heart from the body to flow
right ventricle: forces blood through pulmonary valve and closes the tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve: travels into pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries: carries blood to the lungs
lungs: oxygenates blood
pulmonary veins: picks up the oxygenated blood from lungs and sends to left atrium
left atrium: blood travels through here as well as the left ventricle
bicuspid valve: gets blood pumped from the left atrium
left ventricle: contracts and closes the mitral valve
aortic valve: flows blood into the body
structural and functional differences between blood vessels:
capillaries
arteries:
veins:
strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood
usually transport blood away from the heart
become smaller as they divide and give rise to arterioles
blood vessels with the smallest diameter
they connect small arterioles to small venules
consist only of a layer of endothelium, through which substances are exchanged with tissue cells
thinner wall than an artery but with similar layers
transports blood under relatively low pressure from a venule to the heart
cardiac cycle and the ECG
cardiac cycle:
open and closes the heart valves
70% blood flow from atria into ventricles before atria contract
ECG
P wave
the first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria
leads to the contraction of the atria
QRS complex
corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to the contraction of ventricles
the repolarization of the atria occurs during the QRS complex
T wave: corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and leads to ventricular relaxation
vital signs
blood pressure
pulse
refers to systemic arterial pressure
BP
common pulse points: radial artery, carotid artery, brachial artery, and femoral artery
major blood vessels
veins
middle layer is much thinner
thinner wall than artery
have flaplike valves
capillaries
wall: single layer of squamous epithelium
allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid
venules
thinner wall than in arteriole, less smooth muscle
connects a capillary to vein
arteries
Thick, strong wall with three layers—an endothelial lining, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue
Transports blood under relatively high pressure
arterioles
thinner wall than an artery
connects an artery to capillary
helps control blood flow into a capillary by vasoconstricting or vasolidating
disorders of the cardiovascular systems
endocarditis and myocarditis
symptoms: fever, chest pains
causes: heart valve damage, recent surgery, fungal infection
myocardial infarction
treatment: antibiotics, medication, reduced activity
treatment: coronary bypass, open heart surgery
causes: obesity, blood clot, high blood pressure
symptoms: sweating, chest pains, heart palpitations
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
causes: smoking, obesity, and limb trauma
symptoms: memory loss, severe headache, and confusion
treatment: lifestyle changes, medication, bypass surgery
cerebrovascular accident- stroke
symptoms: memory loss, severe headache, confusion
cause: diabetes, age, clogged arteries
treatment: blood thinners, physical therapy, lifestyle changes
congenital heart diseases
treatment: medication, surgical intervention
causes: tricuspid atresia, pulmonary stenosis
symptoms: may cause death, possibly asymptomatic