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What conditions are most favourable for the cleaning ability of enzyme…
What conditions are most favourable for the cleaning ability of enzyme-added detergent?
"Conditions"
Temperature
high: more kinetic energy present which increases collisions between enzyme and substrate, therefore increasing the rate of reaction
too high: denaturation occurs as the protein unravels and the active site of the enzyme changes shape, preventing reactions taking place
low: less kinetic energy present which decreases collisions between enzyme and substrate, therefore decreasing the rate of reaction.
pH
change in pH outside the optimum range alters interactions between the amino acids which make up the enzyme, causing the hydrogen bonds to change, hence, changing the shape of the enzyme. Enzyme becomes non-functional
enzyme concentration/ amount of detergent
if concentration is low, slower reaction as active sites are occupied with substrates
if increased, reaction rate increases as there are more active sites available to bind with substrates
if too many enzymes present, reaction rate will not increase any further (rate plateaus)
substrate concentration/ size/density of stain
when substrate concentration is low, active sites of enzymes are empty, therefore the rate of reaction is slow
when concentrations are high, collisions increase, rate of reaction is fast
when concentrations are too high, all enzymes will be occupied and rate of reaction does not increase any further (rate plateaus)
presence of inhibitors
competitive: molecules complementary to the enzyme's active site binding to it, preventing substrate to bind to the enzyme
non-competitive: molecules binding to other parts of the enzyme, causing a change in the enzyme's active site, which stops the specificity between the substrate and enzyme.
type of detergent: different detergents may contain varying concentrations/types of enzymes
type of stain: proteins, fats, oils , lipids, starch, pectine
different stains require different enzymes. e.g. if the enzyme protease was applied to a pectin stain, it may not remove the stain as efficiently as the enzyme pectinases
Duration of cleaning
shorter times for more delicate fabric and longer times for more durable fabric
longer cleaning periods may increase stain removal depending on the durability of the material - more time for enzymes to break down substrate
"Enzyme"
Biological catalyst which speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy
are highly specific to their substrate - active site is complementary to the substrate - creates induced-fit model
orientates the substrate in the active site and puts stress on its bonds, therefore reducing the amount of energy needed to break these bonds
types: protease, lipase, amylase, pectinase
protein made up of amino acids
How to test the effectiveness of detergent
photo spectrometer: shines light on the stains after washing. The more effective the detergent, the more light is reflected back from the fabric (Steen, 2019).
human observation: comparing the colour of the stain before and after interacting with the detergent (if stains have faded more than others
laundry reflectometer: delivers a percentage score running from 0% (a black hole) right up to 100% (pure brilliant white light) (Anderton, 2021).
spectrophotometer: measures the light absorption or the amount of chemicals in a solution with a light beam which passes through the solution (Tip Biosystems, 2022)
colourimeter: measures the intensity and absorption of a solution (Britannica, 2014).
measuring the products of carbon dioxide (bubbles in measuring cylinder experiment)
stained material
cotton, denim, lace, linen, satin, polyester etc
nature of the material, e.g synthetic nature of polyester is extremely easy to clean and resists absorbing most stains
Amount of time that stain is untreated
the longer a stain is untreated, the less likely it will be removed. when a spill first occurs, it sits on the surface of the fabric, over time, the spill interacts with the material and the material changes colour