Cardiovascular System by Ramirez period 5

Major components and functions of blood

Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)

Structural and functional difference between blood vessel types (arteries, veins and capillaries)

Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers and valves)

Disorders of the cardiovascular system

Layers of the heart

Major functions of the cardiovascular system

Blood flow through the heart and body

Blood is 45% formed elements and 55% plasma

Formed elements contains platelets, red blood cells (respiratory gas transport) and white blood cells (fighting infections

Plasma contains water, proteins, waste, nutrition, gases, vitamins, hormones and electrolytes.

Function; A type of connective tissue fluid matrix.

  1. Blood transports substances
    1. Helps maintain homeostasis and distributes heat.
  2. Specifically transports nutrients and oxygen to the body cells
  3. And removes metabolic waste)

Granulocytes (WBCs)

Internal

External

Aortic Arch

Chordae Tendinae

Right ventricle; Right ventricle has a thinner wall than the left ventricle, because it must pump blood only as far as the lungs, compared to the left ventricle pumping to the entire body

Pulmonary Arteries

Tricuspid valve

Mitral/Bicuspid valve; Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

Right/Left atrium

Left auricle/ right auricle; above both atrium

Pulmonary Trunk/Artery; vessel that sends blood into the lugs

Brachialsephalic artery; branch that sends out blood

Left/Right Aortabring blood back from the systemic circuit to the right atrium

Apex; extends to the fifth intercostal space

Inter ventricular sulcus; Diagonal slash like line across the heart in the anterior view

Base; lies beneath the second rib

RIght/Left pulmonary veins; Sends blood back into the left atrium

Eosinophils; make up 1-3% of circulating leukocytes; kills certain parasites and moderate inflammation.

Basophils; account less than 1% of leuko; promote inflammation by secreting heparin and histamine.

Neutrophils; compromise 50-70% of leukocytes; strong phagocytes

Unoxiginated blood enters either through the Superior/Inferior Vena Cava or the coronary sinus into the right atrium, passing through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, traveling through the pulmonary valve up the pulmonary trunk out the pulmonary arteries into the lungs, traveling back as oxiginated blood through the pulmonary veins into the Left atrium past the Mitral valve/bicuspid valve into the left ventricle up the aortic sulcus, past the aorta and out through the brachiocephalic trunk sending the blood out into the rest of the body.

Veins; take blood to the heart

Arteries; Take blood away from the heart

Capillaries; smallest,

Pulmonary valve; prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle

Papillary muscles; these muscles contract during ventricular contraction to prevent the backflow of blood through the AV valves

Interventricular septum

Parietal pericardium, the outer layer of the serous membrane, which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

Visceral pericardium (epicardium), the inner layer of the serous membrane, that covers the heartt

Pericardial cavity; , the space between the visceral and parietal layers, which contains serous fluid for reducing friction between the layers

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke); Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted. Symptoms; Severe headaches, confusion, muscle weakness. Treatment options; Physical therapy, surgical intervention, thrombolytic.

Endocarditis and Myocarditis; Inflammation of the heart. Symptoms; Chest pain, edema, fatigue, palpatations. Treatment options; Antibiotics/Medication, diuretics, peacemaker

Peripheral artery Disease (PAD); Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities. Symptoms; Ligament pains, numb, weak pulse. Treatment Options; Medication, lifestyle change, atrial angioplasty

Congenital Heart disease; Issues with heart structure and/or function present from birth. Symptoms; Cyanosis, may be asthmatic. Treatment Options; Medication, surgery, may heal on its own.

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack); Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. Symptoms; Chest pain, dizziness. Treatment Options; Nitroglycerin, thrombolytic, coronary bypass.

Delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other important substances to cells and organs in the body.

Plays an important role in helping the body meet the demands of activity, exercise and stress

Maintains temperature

a closed circuit that consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins)

Tricuspid Valve; Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction

Pulmonary Valve; Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation

Aortic Valve; Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation

Capillary;

Venule

Arteriole

Vein

Artery

Function; Transports blood under relatively high pressure Transports blood under relatively high pressure

Characteristics; Transports blood under relatively high pressure, an endothelial lining, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue

Function; Connects an artery to a capillary; helps control blood flow into a capillary by vasoconstricting or vasodilating

Characteristics; Thinner wall than an artery but with three layers; smaller arterioles have an endothelial lining, some smooth muscle tissue, and a small amount of connective tissue

Functions; Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid; connects an arteriole to a venule

Characteristics; Single layer of squamous epithelium

Function; Thinner wall than in an arteriole, less smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

Characteristic; Connects a capillary to a vein

Functions; Transports blood under relatively low pressure from a venule to the heart; valves prevent backflow of blood; serves as a blood reservoir

Characteristic; Thinner wall than an artery but with similar layers; the vein middle layer is much thinner; some veins have flaplike valves

Cardiac cycle and the ECG

Cardiac Cycle

Then the ventricles contract (called ventricular systole), while the atria relax (called atrial diastole)

Then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment

First the atria contract (called atrial systole), while ventricles relax (called ventricular diastole)

Electrocradiogram (ECG);

QRS Complex: Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of the ventricles; the repolarization of the atria occurs during the QRS complex, but is hidden behind the larger ventricular event

T Wave: Corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and leads to ventricular relaxation

P Wave: The first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria; this leads to the contraction of the atria