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Backup research essay, file:///media/fuse/drivefs-9ab9cd881bf7e1a0a94db21e…

- - - - the temples and palaces with leaders, priests, and visitors and describes how ritual gatherings, offerings, and daily activities may have transpired.
        
        elite quadrangles (used for exclusive gatherings) follow the same spatial arrangement as modest housing, Ardren (28) argues for a “conceptual unity between the ruling population and the ruled.” At the same time, house lots exhibit a diversity of material culture. Ardren suggests that people living in the core of the city used pottery and other resources that were drawn from trade partners in different regions. She interprets these as “identity markers” with pottery styles and other prestige/display goods reflecting trade affiliations. She suggests that “identity markers” “took on greater importance as midlevel household groups within the epicenter of the city, whose occupants were largely dependent upon trade and other nonagricultural activities, struggled to position themselves within a varied population of similar merchants” (34).
- - - - Postclassic period (900–1521 CE), during which many Zapotec city-states occupied a large portion of what is now Oaxaca, Mexico. Lind describes how rulers of city-states derived their royal prerogatives through religious sanction and engaged the supernatural in several ways. Interestingly, the leaders of Zapotec city-states legitimized their prerogatives with the possession of a sacred bundle, which they venerated and “fed” with offerings. As I describe below, this practice parallels Andean beliefs associated with huaca.
- - - - . Burial patterns differ but fall within three general categories: inclusion in family crypts below house floors, as partial inclusions in the burials of others, and the interment of the very young in urns, some of which were incorporated in the construction of platforms and underlying shrines.
        
        Children buried under house floors maintain their identity in death as specific members of a kin group; however, infants included with other types of offerings during construction, or placed thereafter, may take on more generalized identities
        
        children, especially the young, held special status because of their remaining proximity to the underworld (from which they recently emerged) and this was represented by the inclusion of seashells in their interments
        
        children in themselves may have represented a place (the watery underworld) and as inclusions in monumental architecture, which were thought of as animate places, may have been part of the “ensoulment” process. In a sense, family crypts in domestic constructions may have also “ensouled” residential structures through the inclusion of burials or curated bones in the construction fill along with other offerings.
- - - - Lastly, Dowd et al.'s paper is concerned with an excavated example of a specialized form of architecture at Calakmul to mark sunrise positions on important dates of the seasonal year.
        
        Further, did any of these structures play a role in reforming the calendar by having their alignments later directed toward alternative seasonal dates? Notwithstanding, the archaeological data support the hypothesis that at least a solstice alignment at Calakmul was intentional. A proposed building sequence consistent with these data is articulated to support that observation.
- - - - Landscapes are tablets for inscribing and remembering history