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March PPE revision - Coggle Diagram
March PPE revision
Little Rock
Governor Faubus of Arkansas ordered 250 state troops to stop the black students entering, and organised huge protests outside the gates.
The black students were advised to miss the first day, and arrive together the next day on an NAACP organised bus.
However, Elizabeth Eckford didn’t get the message and arrived alone to face the white mob
250 reporters showed the events in national newspapers, causing huge outrage in the USA and abroad.
President Eisenhower ordered the removal of the state troops and sign a Presidential Order to send 1000 federal troops to protect the Little Rock Nine.
Federal troops had to protect the Little Rock Nine for the rest of the school year, but could not stop the bullying and couldn’t protect their homes and families.
Massive resistance to desegregation was made illegal in 1959, but other state governments used loopholes to avoid desegregation
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75 applied, 25 accepted, 9 went.
Tet Offensive
The North and VC launched a surprise attack on 26 cities in South during the 1968 New Year’s Tet festival.
84,000 communist troops then attacked southern cities on 30th January, when there was the Tet ceasefire.
Most famously, the city of Hue was captured, and the US embassy in Saigon was taken for 6 hours. The attack in Saigon was beaten by US troops in 2 days, and within 3 weeks in Hue.
It shocked people in the US as they had been told they were winning the war, but as it was all reported on TV people saw that they weren’t.
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The communists lost 45,000 men, and although they couldn’t win by direct attack, they showed that they could launch a huge surprise attack on the US.
The Tet Offensive led to huge anti-war protests in America with over 150,000 people. It led to peace talks in 1968 which were a turning point in the war.
Significance of boycott
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It inspired boycotts in other cities, for example in Tallahassee in Florida.
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However, there was no further desegregation of any other facilities in Montgomery.
The Southern Christian Leadership Council was set up 1957 to coordinate church-based protest. Martin Luther King and Ralph Abernathy of the MIA became the leaders.
They protested segregation, and used non-violent direct, mass action tactics, and had wide black and white membership. They also worked for voter registration by training people to pass the voter registration tests.
The 1957 Civil Rights Act: empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
On 1st December 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white man and was arrested.
Rosa was chosen to be the figurehead of the boycott because she was a member of the NAACP and a respected citizen in her community.
The WPC (Women’s Political Council) had been campaigning in Montgomery for years about bus segregation. The WPC had warned Mayor Gayle that if another black person was arrested for breaking bus segregation rules there would be a boycott.
90% of black people who used the bus stopped using them for 381 days in protest of segregation of the buses.
The Montgomery Improvement Association was set up to improve lives of blacks and support the boycott. The MIA set up a car pool system to give lifts and used publicity to gain support. Martin Luther King became the leader of MIA.
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89 members of the MIA were arrested in February 1956 and put on trial. This violent opposition to peaceful protest gained sympathy for the boycott.
The boycott ended when the NAACP went to the Supreme Court with Browder v. Gayle claiming that bus segregation broke the 14th amendment. After two appeals, the Supreme Court upheld its decision to desegregate the buses in Montgomery.