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Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 Cardiovascular System
Major Components & Functions of Blood
Main Components
Plasma
Straw-Colored, Sticky
Mostly made up of Water: 90%
Over 100 dissolved solutes: nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, ions
Least Dense Component
55% of whole blood
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes/RBCs
Most Dense Component
Hematocrit: % of RBCs in blood (usually 45%)
Filled with Hb, dedicated to gas transport
Buffy Coat (>1% of whole blood)
Leukocytes/WBCs
Function in Defense against Diseases
Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat Bananas
Platelets
Fragment of Megakaryocyte
Involved in clotting: forms temp. platelet plug sealing broken blood vessels
Functions
Regulate
Body Temp. by Absorbing/Distributing Heat
Normal pH using Buffers
Adequate Fluid Volume in Circulatory System
Protect
Prevent Blood Loss
Prevent Infection
Transport
Oxygen & Nutrients to Body Cells
Metabolic Wastes to Lungs/Kidneys for Elimination
Hormones from Endocrine Organs to Target Organs
ABO/Rh Blood Types
ABO
determined by presence/absence of the antigens A & B on RBCs
B
Antibody: A
Antigen: B
AB
Antibody: None
Antigen: A & B
A
Antibody: B
Antigen: A
O
Antibody: A & B
Antigen: None
Rh
Rh (inherited protein found on RBCs ) If blood has the protein: Rh positive. If your blood lacks the protein: Rh negative
Major Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Bring oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body
Take away carbon dioxide and waste
Protects the body against disease and infection.
Helps regulate body temperature
Stop Bleeding after Injury
Transports Hormones to Target Cells/Organs
Anatomy of the Heart
Base
Superior Part of heart
Apex
Inferior Tip of Heart
Coverings (In Layers of the Heart)
External Features
Auricles
Flaps of Atria
Coronary Sulcus/Atrioventricular Groove
Found around base
Anterior/Posterior Interventricular Sulcus
Sulcus on surface separating ventricles
Internal Features
Chambers
Atria (Superior): Recieving
Right Atrium
receives deoxygenated blood
3 veins empty into
Coronary Sinus (blood from coronary circulation)
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava (Blood from upper and lower parts of body)
Left Atrium
receives oxygenated blood
Ventricles (Inferior): Pumping
Left
pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta
Right
pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk
Valves (prevent back flow)
AV Valves (between Atria & Ventricles)
Bicuspid/Mitral/Left
2 cusps between left atrium & ventricle
Tricuspid/Right
3 cusps between right atrium & ventricle
SL Valves (preventing back flow from major arteries)
Pulmonary
Between Right Ventricle & Pulmonary Trunk
Aortic
Between Left Ventricle & Aorta
Interatrial Septum
Muscle separating Atria
Interventricular Septum
Muscle separating ventricles
Chordae Tendineae
Heart Strings found on Valve
Papillary Muscles
Anchor Chordae Tendineae
Layers of the Heart
Coverings
Pericardium (Double-Walled Sac, Serous (Pericardial Cavity))
Parietal
Lines Internal surface of Fibrous
Visceral/Epicardium
External Surface of Heart
Fibrous Pericardium
Most Outer
Pericardial Cavity
Between Parietal & Visceral
Layers
Epicardium
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle of Heart (middle layer)
Endocardium
Lines Heart Chambers
Blood Flow through the Heart and Body
Right Side
SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary SL Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
1 more item...
Left Side
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic SL Valve
Aorta
Systemic Circulation
1 more item...
Coronary Circulation
Left Coronary Artery
supplies interventricular septum, anterior ventricular walls,
left atrium, and posterior wall of left ventricle
Right Coronary Artery
supplies right atrium and most of right ventricle
Cardiac Veins
collects blood from capillary beds
Coronary Sinus
Middle Cardiac Vein
Small Cardiac Vein
Great Cardiac Vein
Structural and Functional Differences between Blood Vessel Types
Veins
carry blood TOWARD the heart
3 tunics (intima, media, externa)
thinner walls larger lumen
Capillaries
have direct contact with tissue cells, directly serving cellular needs
Only has one Tunic (Tunica Intima)
Only 1 RBC can pass at a time
supply almost every cell
functions to exchange gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid
Capillary Bed
network of capillaries between arterioles & venules
Arteries
carry blood AWAY from the heart
3 tunics (intima [most inner], media [middle], externa [most outer])
3 Types
Muscular/Distributing
deliver blood to body organs
active in Vasoconstriction
Arterioles/Resistance Arteries
smallest, lead to capillaries
control flow into capillaries bc of vasoconstriction/dilation
Elastic
largest, thickest, closest to heart, low resistance = high blood pressure bc of high velocities of blood
Cardiac Cycle & the ECG
Cardiac Cycle
Atriole Systole Begins
Ventricular Systole (1st Phase)
Ventricular Systole (2nd Phase)
Ventricular Diastole (Early)
Ventricular Diastole (Late)
Chambers Relax & Blood Fills Ventricles Passively
SL Valves Close and Blood Flows Into Atria
SL Valves Open & Blood is Ejected
Ventricular Contraction Pushes AV Valves Closed
Atrial Contraction Forcing Blood Into Ventricles
ECG/EKG
graphic recording of electrical activity
Shows
P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
PQRST
QRS - Ventricular Depolarization
T - Ventricular Repolarization
P - Atrial Depolarization
Major Blood Vessels
Arteries
Axillary Artery
Brachial Artery
Subclavian Artery
Radial artery
Common Carotid Artery
Ulnar Artery
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Common Illiac Artery
Abdominal Aorta
Femoral Artery
Thoracic Aorta
Anterior Tibial Artery
Aortic Arch
Fibular Artery
Ascending Aorta
Veins
Subclavian Vein
Brachiocephalic Vein
Axillary Vein
Superior Vena Cava
Brachial vein
Internal Jugular Vein
Ulnar Veins
External jugular Vein
Radial Veins
Femoral Vein
Basilic Vein
Great Saphenous Vein
Cephalic Vein
External Iliac Vein
Common Iliac Vein
Inferior Vena Cava
Vital signs
Blood Pressure
force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood, expressed in mm Hg
Arterial Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure
pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
normally less than 120 mm Hg
Diastolic pressure
lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
normally less than 80 mm Hg
Venous Blood Pressure
Changes little during cardiac cycle
Factors aiding venous return
Muscular pump
contraction of skeletal muscles “milks” blood back toward heart; valves prevent backflow
Respiratory pump
pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
Sympathetic venoconstriction
under sympathetic control, smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back toward heart
Pulse
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Common Carotid Artery
Femoral Artery
Facial Artery
Popliteal Artery
Posterior Tibial Artery
Dorsalis pedis Artery
Superficial Temporal Artery
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Abuse of Artificial EPO/Blood Doping
Increases Hematocrit, used to increase stamina and performance
Concentrates blood and can cause clotting, stroke, & heart failure
Anemia: blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying levels, too low to support metabolism
Not enough RBCs being produced
Iron Deficiency
Too many RBCs being destroyed
Thalassemias: global chain absent/faulty
Sickle Cell Anemia: mutated Hb, when O2 levels are low RBCs become crescent shaped, block small blood vessels
Blood Loss
Hemorrhagic (rapid) & Chronic Hemorrhagic (persistent)
Overproduction of abnormal WBCs
Leukemia (Cancerous)
Fatal because of internal hemorrhage or overwhelming infections, Cancerous Cells fill blood marrow leads to anemia and bleeding
Infectious Mononucleus/ "Kissing Disease"
Highly Contagious Viral Disease, Caused by Epstein Barr Virus
Leukopenia
Abnormally Low WBC Count
Disorders of Hemostasis
Thromboembolic
undesirable clot formation
Bleeding
Hemophillia
prevention of normal clot formation
Pericarditis
Inflammation of pericardium can lead to cardiac tamponade (fluid leak) compressing heart's pumping ability
Angina Pectoris
chest pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium, cells are weakened
Myocardial Infarction/Heart Infarction
prolonged coronary blockage
areas of cell death replaced with non contractile scar tissue
Varicose Veins
dilated, painful veins due to incompetent (leaky) valves
caused by prolonged standing in one position, obesity, or pregnancy, elevated venous pressure (straining to deliver a baby or have a bowel movement raises intra-abdominal pressure -> anal varicose (hemorrhoids)); blood pooling in lower limbs weakening valves
Arrhythmias
irregular heart rhythms
Fibrillation
rapid, irregular contractions
Heart Murmurs
abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits obstructions, usually indicate valve problems
Incompetent/Insufficient Valve
fails to close completely, allowing backflow of
blood, causes swishing sound, blood regurgitates backward from ventricle into atria
Stenotic Valve
fails to open completely, restricting blood flow through valve, causes high-pitched sound or clicking as blood is forced through narrow valve
Tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate (>100 beats/min) can lead to fibrillation
Bradycardia
heart rate slower than 60 beats/min
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Progressive condition; CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
reflects weakened myocardium
Persistent High Blood Pressure
Coronary Atherosclerosis
Multiple Myocardial Infarcts
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Hypertension
Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher
Hypotension
Low blood pressure below 90/60 mm Hg
Circulatory shock
Condition where blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally: Inadequate blood flow cannot meet tissue needs
Vascular shock
results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral
resistance
Cardiogenic shock
results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate
circulation
Hypovolemic shock
results from large-scale blood loss
Edema
abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid
Caused by either an increase in outward pressure (driving fluid out of the capillaries) or a decrease in inward pressure