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AMINO ACIDS - Coggle Diagram
AMINO ACIDS
Proteins
a) Complete proteins - with all essential AA. b) Incomplete proteins - lack 1 or more essential AA
Primary function: growth, repair, replacement
RDA (HPB): Men 68g/day; Women 58g/day (+9g if pregnant; +25g if lactating)
TYPES OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS
1) Whey protein: account for 20% of protein in milk. Rich in leucine, isoleucine, valine. low in glutamine, arginine.
2) casein protein: 80% of protein in milk. slow digesting protein isolated from milk
WILL PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT BENEFIT THE HUMAN BODY?
can be recommended for malnourished patients e.g. dialysis, cancer, post-surgical patients, failute to thrive children
no conclusive results as an ergogenic aid
WILL EXCESS PROTEIN CONSUMPTION HARM THE HUMAN BODY?
over consumption of AA supplements may cause physiological effects, especially to organs
AA metabolized and nitrogenous waste formed via urea cycle (liver) and excreted (kidneys)
Higher risk of formation of kidney stones
Strain on liver to deaminate excess protein -> hyperammonemia
excess protein is stored as fats (1g of protein - 4kcal)
DURING DIETARY SURPLUS:
nitrogen of AA eliminated via transamination, deamination, and urea formation. Carbon skeleton of AA converted to
precursors to glucose / precursors to fatty acid
DURING STARVATION:
the body utilizes fat, along with glycogen reserves stored in muscle and liver for energy
DURING PROLONGED STARVATION
: body utilizes proteis with muscle tissue as fuel source
Organic molecules that contain a carbo with 4 groups of atoms attached to it: NH2, COOH, H, R (polar, non-polar, acidic, basic)
ALL AA REQUIRED AND IMPORTANT
Non-Essential
: can be synthesized in human body. E.g. alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine.
Conditionally essential
: non essential unless in times of stress and illness. E.g. Arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, ornithine, proline, serine.
Essential
: cannot be created in the human body; must be obtained from food. E.g. Arginine (essential for young but not for adults), histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine.
Secondary structure
- B pleated sheet or alpha helix
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
role in human body
Some functions: synthesis of proteins or non-essential AA, synthesis of compounds e.g. neurotransmitteers, synthesis of fat, energy synthesis, provide carbon-backbone for other structures by deaminating amino acids.