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Justin Cabrera P.6 Cardiovascular system - Coggle Diagram
Justin Cabrera P.6
Cardiovascular system
Major blood vessel
Arteries
armpit: axillary artery
brachial artery: artery in forearm
thoracic aorta part of the aorta above the diaphragm
radial artery: found in forearm
aortic arch: between ascending and descending aorta
ulnar artery: found in forearm
Brachiocephalic artery: first branch of the aorta
abdominal aorta: part of the aorta below the diaphragm
Clavicle: subclavian artery
Common iliac arteries: branch from the aorta and separate into two which deliver blood to lower limbs
Neck: Common Carotid artery
femoral artery: artery in the thigh
anterior tibial artery: lower leg
Veins
axillary vein
subclavian vein
brachiocephalic vein
deep veins of the heart
Ulnar
Radial
Brachial
Neck: internal & external jugular vein
Superficial veins:
basilic
Cephalic
Common iliac vein: separates into internal and external iliac vein
upper leg veins: deep femoral vein
Superficial vein: great saphenous vein
Major components and functions of the blood
Leukocytes
the only formed element that is complete cell with nuclei and
organelles
Make up <1% of total blood volume
Function
Can leave capillaries
Move through tissue spaces
Fight disease
Erythrocytes
small-diameter cells that contribute to gas transport
biconcave disc shape, is anucleate, and essentially has no organelles
Filled with hemoglobin (Hb) for gas transport
Functions:
Hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
RBCs are dedicated to respiratory gas transport
Production of Erythrocytes
Hematopoiesis: formation of all blood cells
Erythropoiesis: formation of Red Blood cells
Occurs in red bone marrow
Blood Plasma
Blood plasma is straw-colored sticky fluid
Over 100 dissolved solutes
Nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
Albumin: makes up 60% of plasma proteins
Platelets
fragments of larger megakaryocyte
Involved in blood clotting process
Function
form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Platelet formation
regulated by thrombopoietin
Anatomy of the heart
Right Side
Right side receives oxygen-poor blood from tissues
Left Side
Left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Receiving Chambers
Left atrium
Receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
Right atrium
Receives blood returning from systemic circuit
Pumping Chambers
Left ventricle
Pumps blood through systemic circuit
Right ventricle
Pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
Heart
Location
In mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space
Weighs less than 1 pound
Approximately the size of a fist
Base (posterior surface) leans toward right shoulder
Apex points toward left hip
Internal Features
Interatrial septum: separates atria
Interventricular septum: separates ventricles
Four chambers
Ventricles: the discharging chambers
Make up most of the volume of heart
Trabeculae carneae
irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
Left ventricle
Pumps blood into aorta
posteroinferior surface
Papillary muscles
project into ventricular cavity
Right ventricle
Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk
most of anterior surface
Atria: the receiving chambers
Small, thin-walled chambers; contribute little to propulsion of blood
Auricles
appendages that increase atrial volume
Left Atrium
receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Right Atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from body
Inferior vena cava
returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
Superior vena cava
returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
Coronary sinus
returns blood from coronary veins
Surface Features
Posterior &Anterior interventricular sulcus
Tells difference from front and back
Coronary sulcus
Valves
Ensure unidirectional (one way) blood flow through heart – prevents backflow of blood
Atrioventricular valves
location: between atria and ventricles
Mitral valve (left AV valve, bicuspid valve)
made up of two cusps and lies
between left atria and ventricle
Tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
made up of three cusps and lies between right
atria and ventricle
Chordae tendineae
anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles
Hold valve flaps in closed position
Prevent flaps from everting back into atria
Semilunar valves
location: between ventricles and major arteries
Open and close in response to pressure changes
Each valve consists of three cusps that roughly resemble a half moon
Aortic semilunar valve
located between left ventricle and aorta
Pulmonary semilunar valve
located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Open and close in response to pressure changes
Blood flow through the heart and body
Heart
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Lungs
Bicuspid Valve
Pulmonary Arteries/Trunk
Left Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Right Ventricle
Aorta
Tricuspid Vlave
Body
Right Atrium
Inferior/Superior Vena Cava
Body
Systemic Circulation
long loop to all parts of body and back to heart
Heart pumps blood out to system via single systemic artery, the aorta
Blood returning to heart is delivered via terminal systemic veins, superior and
inferior vena cava, as well as coronary sinus
Coronary arteries arise from the base of the aorta
Coronary Circulation
Functional blood supply to heart muscle itself
Left coronary artery supplies interventricular septum, anterior ventricular walls,
left atrium, and posterior wall of left ventricle; has two branches:
Right coronary artery supplies right atrium and most of right ventricle; has two
branches:
Coronary Veiins
Cardiac veins collect blood from capillary beds
Coronary sinus empties into right atrium; formed by merging cardiac veins
Several anterior cardiac veins empty directly into right atrium anteriorly
Pulmonary circulation
short loop that runs from heart to lungs and back to heart
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Electrocardiograph can detect electrical currents generated by heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a graphic recording of electrical activity
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular
repolarization
The sinoatrial node generate impulses
the bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum
the subendocardial conducting network depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles
the AV bundle connects the atria to the ventricles
the impulse pause at the atrioventricular AV node
Cardiac cycle
blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
Atrial systole and diastole are followed by ventricular systole and diastole
Cycle represents series of pressure and blood volume changes
Systole: period of heart contraction
Diastole: period of heart contraction
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Functions
Veins deliver blood to the heart vs. the arteries delivering blood to the body from the heart
Tunica externa on veins is much thicker than arteries
Lumen
Veins have a bigger lumen compared to arteries
Arteries have an elastic external membrane while veins do not
Layers of the heart
Epicardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium
Myocardium
circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Pericardium
Visceral layer (epicardium) on external surface of heart
Parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
double-walled sac that surrounds heart; made up of two layers
Endocardium
innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood
vessels
ABO, Rh blood types
ABO blood groups
Blood may contain preformed anti-A or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins)
Based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B) on surface of
RBCs
Rh Blood types
A Rh +/-
A antigens
B Antibodies
B Rh +/-
A Antibodies
B Antigens
AB Rh +/-
Universal Recipient
A & B antigens
Antibodies: None
O Rh +/-
Universal Donor
Antigens: None
A and B antibodies
The Rh type is either positive or negative
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart
Arteries
Functions:
carry blood away from heart
oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
Elastic arteries
low-resistance lumen
Act as pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil as blood is ejected from heart
thick-walled with large
Muscular arteries(distributing arteries)
Elastic arteries give rise to muscular arteries
Account for most of named arteries
Active in vasoconstriction
Arterioles(resistance arteries)
smallest of all arteries
Lead to capillary beds
Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
Capillaries
direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs
Endothelium with sparse basal lamina
Functions:
Supply almost every cell
exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid
Walls just thin tunica intima; in smallest vessels, one cell forms entire circumference
Microscopic vessels; diameters so small only single RBC can pass through at a time
Veins
Formation begins when capillary beds unite in postcapillary venules and merge into larger
and larger veins
Functions
carry blood toward heart
deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
Blood Vessel Walls
Tunica media
Middle layer composed mostly of smooth muscle and sheets of elastin
Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers innervate this layer
Vasoconstriction:
decreased lumen diameter
Vasodilation:
increased lumen diameter
Bulkiest layer responsible for maintaining blood flow and blood pressure
Tunica externa(tunica adventitia)
Outermost layer of wall
Composed mostly of loose collagen fibers that protect and reinforce wall and
anchor it to surrounding structures
Infiltrated with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels
Tunica intima
Innermost layer that is in “intimate” contact with blood
Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium that lines lumen of all vessels
Subendothelial layer: connective tissue basement membrane
Venules
Capillaries unite to form postcapillary venules
Have all tunics, but thinner walls with large lumens compared with corresponding arteries
Blood pressure lower than in arteries, so adaptations ensure return of blood to heart
Venous
Venous valves
Most abundant in veins of limbs
Prevent backflow of blood
Venous sinuses
Flattened veins with extremely thin walls
Functions
Regulation
Maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Protection
Preventing infection
Preventing blood loss
transport
Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
Delivers O2 and nutrients to body
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Vital signs
Body Temperature
Respiratory Rate
Blood pressure
force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
Measured as systemic arterial BP in large arteries near heart
Systolic pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
Venous Blood pressure:
Muscular pump: contraction of skeletal muscles “milks” blood back toward heart;
valves prevent backflow
Sympathetic venoconstriction: under sympathetic control, smooth muscles
constrict, pushing blood back toward heart
Respiratory pump: pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart
by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
Pulse:
throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressures, which can be felt under skin
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
WBC Disorders
Infectious mononucleosis
Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
Results in high numbers of typical agranulocytes
Symptoms: Tired, achy, chronic sore throat, low fever
Leukemias
Cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBCs
Treatments: irradiation, antileukemic drugs; stem cell transplants
Immature, nonfunctional WBCs flood bloodstream
leukopenia
Abnormally low WBC count
Can be drug induced, particularly by anticancer drugs or glucocorticoids
Homeostatic imbalance
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Progressive condition; CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet
tissue needs
Multiple myocardial infarcts:
heart becomes weak as contractile cells are
replaced with scar tissue
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM):
ventricles stretch and become flabby, and
myocardium deteriorates
Persistent high blood pressure
aortic pressure 90 mmHg causes
myocardium to exert more force
Erythrocyte Disorders
Anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia
Can be caused by hemorrhagic anemia
Treated by iron supplements
also by low iron intake or
impaired absorption
Hemorrhagic anemia
Rapid blood loss
Treated by blood replacement
Thalassemias
RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin
One globin chain is absent or faulty
Sickle-cell anemia
RBCs become crescent shaped when O2 levels are low
Misshaped RBCs rupture easily and block small vessels
mutated hemoglobin
Treatment: acute crisis treated with transfusions; inhaled nitric oxide