Cardiovascular System
McKenzie Nazionale
Period 1
major components and functions of blood
ABO, Rh blood types
major cardiovascular system functions
anatomy of the heart
layers of the heart
blood flow through the heart and body
structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
vital signs
major blood vessels
cardiac cycle and ECG
cardiovascular system disorders
systemic pressure: highest in aorta and declines throughout pathway
systolic pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
vital signs: pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature
pulse: radial pulse(wrist) and pressure points
hypertension: elevated pressure of 140/90mm Hg or higher
hypotension: low blood pressure below 90/60 mm Hg
circulatory shock: blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally
edema: abnormal increase in interstitial fluid amount
arteries
capillaries
veins
elastic arteries: thick-walled with large, low resistance lumen
muscular arteries: deliver blood to body organs
arterioles: control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
microscopic vessels; diameters so small that only single RBC can pass through at a time
capillary bed: interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
venules: consist of endothelium and a few pericytes/very porous and allow fluids and WBC into tissues
venous valves: prevent backflow of blood
venous sinuses: flattened veins with thin walls
varicose veins: dilated and painful veins due to incompetent (leaky) valves
sequence of excitation:
- sinoatrial node
- atrioventricular node
- atrioventricular bundle
- right and left bundle branches
- subendocardial conducting network
arrhythmias: irregular heart beat rhythms
fibrillation: rapid, irregular contractions
Electrocardiogram: graphic recording of electrical activity
main features
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
P-R interval
S-T segment
Q-T interval
cardiac cycle: blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
heart murmurs: abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits obstructions
tachycardia: abnormally fast heart rate
bradycardia: heart rate slower than 60 beats/min
congestive heart failure: progressive condition; CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
arteries: carry blood away from the heart; ocygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
capillaries: direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs
veins: carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
right atrium: receives blood from systemic circuit
left atrium: receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
right ventricle: pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
left ventricle: pumps blood through systemic circuit
base: posterior surface; leans towards right shoulder
apex: points toward left hip
pericardium: sac that surrounds heart
visceral layer
parietal layer
pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium
epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
myocardium: circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscles cells
endocardium: innermost layer
coronary sulcus
anterior/posterior interventricular sulcus
auricles: appendages that increase atrial volume
superior vena cave: returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
inferior vena cave: returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
coronary sinus: returns blood from coronary veins
trabeculae carnuea: irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls(freddy krouger)
papillary muscles: project into ventricular cavity (chordae tendieae)
atrioventricular valves: between atria and ventricles
semilunar valves: between ventricles and maor arteries
right side
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
tricuspid valve
pulmonary trunk
right atrium
pulmoary arteries
superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
lungs
left side
bicuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
left atrium
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
systemic circulatio
four pulmonary veins
angina pectoris: thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium
myocardial infarction (heart attack): prolonged coronary blockage
leukocytes(WBC)
only formed element that is complete cell with nuclei and organelles
leukopoiesis: production of WBC are stimulated by two types of chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature WBCs
disorders: leukemias and infections mononucleosis
platelets: fragments of larger megakaryocyte
hemostasis: fast series of ractions for stoppage of bleeding
plasma: star-colored sticky fluid/ consists of over 100 dissolved solutes
erythrocytes(RBC)
biconcave disc shape, anucleate, and no organells
filled with hemoglobin
dedicated to respiratory gas transport
hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
erythropoiesis: formation of RBC
blood doping: use of EPO increases hematocrit allowing athlete to increase stamina and performance
disorders: anemia or polucuthemia
ABO blood groups: based on presence or absence of 2 agglutinates (A and B) on surface of RBC / blood may conain performed anti-A or anti-B antibodies
Rh: inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells
takes away carbon dioxide and wastes
supply of nutrients and removal of wastes