Cardiovascular System
McKenzie Nazionale
Period 1

major components and functions of blood

ABO, Rh blood types

major cardiovascular system functions

anatomy of the heart

layers of the heart

blood flow through the heart and body

structural and functional differences between blood vessel types

vital signs

major blood vessels

cardiac cycle and ECG

cardiovascular system disorders

systemic pressure: highest in aorta and declines throughout pathway

systolic pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction

diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest

vital signs: pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature

pulse: radial pulse(wrist) and pressure points

hypertension: elevated pressure of 140/90mm Hg or higher

hypotension: low blood pressure below 90/60 mm Hg

circulatory shock: blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally

edema: abnormal increase in interstitial fluid amount

arteries

capillaries

veins

elastic arteries: thick-walled with large, low resistance lumen

muscular arteries: deliver blood to body organs

arterioles: control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle

microscopic vessels; diameters so small that only single RBC can pass through at a time

capillary bed: interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules

venules: consist of endothelium and a few pericytes/very porous and allow fluids and WBC into tissues

venous valves: prevent backflow of blood

venous sinuses: flattened veins with thin walls

varicose veins: dilated and painful veins due to incompetent (leaky) valves

sequence of excitation:

  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. atrioventricular bundle
  4. right and left bundle branches
  5. subendocardial conducting network

arrhythmias: irregular heart beat rhythms

fibrillation: rapid, irregular contractions

Electrocardiogram: graphic recording of electrical activity

main features

P wave

QRS complex

T wave

P-R interval

S-T segment

Q-T interval

cardiac cycle: blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat

heart murmurs: abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits obstructions

tachycardia: abnormally fast heart rate

bradycardia: heart rate slower than 60 beats/min

congestive heart failure: progressive condition; CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs

arteries: carry blood away from the heart; ocygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus

capillaries: direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs

veins: carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus

right atrium: receives blood from systemic circuit

left atrium: receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit

right ventricle: pumps blood through pulmonary circuit

left ventricle: pumps blood through systemic circuit

base: posterior surface; leans towards right shoulder

apex: points toward left hip

pericardium: sac that surrounds heart

visceral layer

parietal layer

pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium

epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium

myocardium: circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscles cells

endocardium: innermost layer

coronary sulcus

anterior/posterior interventricular sulcus

auricles: appendages that increase atrial volume

superior vena cave: returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm

inferior vena cave: returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm

coronary sinus: returns blood from coronary veins

trabeculae carnuea: irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls(freddy krouger)

papillary muscles: project into ventricular cavity (chordae tendieae)

atrioventricular valves: between atria and ventricles

semilunar valves: between ventricles and maor arteries

right side

right ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

tricuspid valve

pulmonary trunk

right atrium

pulmoary arteries

superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

lungs

left side

bicuspid/mitral valve

left ventricle

left atrium

aortic semilunar valve

aorta

systemic circulatio

four pulmonary veins

angina pectoris: thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium

myocardial infarction (heart attack): prolonged coronary blockage

leukocytes(WBC)

only formed element that is complete cell with nuclei and organelles

leukopoiesis: production of WBC are stimulated by two types of chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature WBCs

disorders: leukemias and infections mononucleosis

platelets: fragments of larger megakaryocyte

hemostasis: fast series of ractions for stoppage of bleeding

plasma: star-colored sticky fluid/ consists of over 100 dissolved solutes

erythrocytes(RBC)

biconcave disc shape, anucleate, and no organells

filled with hemoglobin

dedicated to respiratory gas transport

hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen

erythropoiesis: formation of RBC

blood doping: use of EPO increases hematocrit allowing athlete to increase stamina and performance

disorders: anemia or polucuthemia

ABO blood groups: based on presence or absence of 2 agglutinates (A and B) on surface of RBC / blood may conain performed anti-A or anti-B antibodies

Rh: inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells

takes away carbon dioxide and wastes

supply of nutrients and removal of wastes