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Cardiovascular System Karina Quinones, P6 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System
Karina Quinones, P6
Major Functions & Components of Blood
Composition
Formed Elements: suspended in plasma (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets)
platelets: help in blood clot formation, platelet formation is regulated by thromobopoietin
leukocytes: white blood cells that help fight off infection grouped into two major categories
agranulocytes: do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules
monocytes: destroy germs and eliminate infected cells , phagocytes
lymphocytes: made in the bone marrow, and fight off infections
granulocytes: contain visible cytoplasmic granules
esinophils: boost inflammation and fight off infection
basophils: release histamine, detect and destroy early cancer cells
neutrophils: first immune cells to respond, destroy microorganisms by ingesting them and realease enzymes
decrease in abundance in blood: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
erythrocytes: small cells that contribute to gas transport, biconcave and anucleate, filled with hemoglobin
Three layers: Erythrocytes on the bottom (45%) aka hematocrit, WBC's and platelets in buffy coat (<1%), plasma on top (55%)
Matrix: nonliving fluid called plasma that is 90% water, albumin makes up 60% of plasma proteins
Functions
Regulation: Maintaining body temperature, maintaining a normal PH, maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection: Preventing blood loss (plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation), preventing infection (antibodies, proteins, white blood cells)
Transportation: Delivering oxygen and nutrients to body cells, transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys, transporting hormones to target organs
Blood Flow through the Heart and Body
Right Atrium 2. Tricuspid Valve 3. Right Ventricle 4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve 5. Pulmonary Artery 6. Left and Right Lungs 7. Pulmonary Veins 8. Left Atrium 9. Bicuspid/ Mitral Valve 10. Left Ventricle 11. Aortic Semilunar Valve 12. Aorta 13. To the rest of the body 14. Inferior and Superior Vena Cava 15. Repeats
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Myocardial Infection (heart attack): prolonged coronary blockage, a coronary artery has something wrong with it
Tachycardia: abnormally fast heart rate (>100 beats/min)
Angina Pectoris: thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium where cells are weakened
Bradycardia: heart rate slower than 60beats/min
Leukocyte Disorders
Infectious Mononucleosis: Overproduction of abnormal WBC's, high numbers of agranulocytes, Symptoms: tired, achy, chronic sore throat, fever
Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count, can be drug induced
Leukemias: Overproduction of abnormal WBC's. Is a cancerous condition.
Congestive Heart Failure: CO is low to where blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs, caused by coronary atherosclerosis (clogged arteries due to fat buildup)
Erythrocyte Disorders
Blood Loss
Hemorrhagic Anemia: rapid blood loss due to a severe wound
Chronic Hemorrhagic Anemia: slight but persistent blood loss
Not Enough RBC's Produced
Iron Deficiency Anemia: Caused by low iron intake
Anemia: blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity and cannot support metabolism, Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, dyspnea (Three groups based on cause)
Too Many RBC's Produced
Thalassemia: found in Mediterranean ancestry, one globin chain is absent or faulty, RBC's are thin and delicate
Sickle Cell Anemia: mutated hemoglobin and RBC's are misshaped (crescents) and rupture easily, poor delivery of oxygen an dpain
Edema: abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid caused by an increase in outward pressure or a decrease in inward pressure
Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium, Cardiac tamponade: excess fluid that leaks into pericardial space
BP Imbalances: Hypertension is elevated pressure higher than 140/90 and hypotension is below 90/60. Circulatory Shock is when blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally
ABO, Rh Blood Types
Rh type is either positive or negative, proteins on the surface of red blood cells
ABO group is based on presence or absence of A and B antigens, For example, A has A antigens, AB has A and B, O has neither, Antibodies is the opposite
ABO group has four possibilities: A, B, AB, O
A+, receives A+, A-, O+, O-
A- receives, A-, O-
B+ receives, B+, B-, O+, O-
B- receives B-, O-
AB+ receives all blood types
AB- receives AB-, A-, B-, O-
O+ receives O+, O-
O- receives O- (universal donor)
Major Functions of the Cardiovascular System
bring oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body
remove carbon dioxide and waste
circulate oxygen
protects the body against disease and infection
allow for clot formation
regulation of body temperature
Layers of the Heart
myocardium: the middle layer (M for middle), circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
endocardium (innermost layer): continues with endothelial lining of blood vessels (lines heart chambers)
epicardium (the outer layer: EPI), aka visceral pericardium
pericardium: double-walled sac that surrounds the heart made up of the parietal and visceral layers
Anatomy of the Heart: heart is a transport system consisting of two side by side pumps, the pulmonary and systemic circuits
Right side pumps blood to lungs to get rid of CO2, via pulmonary circuit, and Left side pumps blood to body tissue via systemic
Receiving Chambers of the Heart: Right and Left Atrium
Right atrium receives blood returning from systemic circuit
Left atrium receives blood from pulmonary circuit
Separated by interatrial septum
Auricles are flaps that cover atrium and increase atrial volume
Three veins empty into the right atrium: Superior/ Inferior Vena Cava & Coronary Sinus
Left receives oxygenated blood, Right receives deoxygenated
Right side receives oxygen poor blood from tissues and Left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Pumping Chambers of the Heart: Right and Left Ventricle
Right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit
Left ventricle pumps blood through the systemic circuit
Separated by interventricular septum
Contain papillary muscles that anchor chordinae tendinae (heart strings)
Right pumps into pulmonary trunk & Left into aorta
Atrioventricular Valves:
Tricuspid Valve: On the right side, made up of three cusps and between right atrium and right ventricle
Mitral/Bicuspid Valve: On the left side, made up of two cusps and lies between left atrium and left ventricle
Semilunar Valves:
Aortic is on the left side, between left ventricle and aorta
Pulmonary is on the right side, between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Function to prevent the backflow of blood
Surface Features
Anterior interventricular sulcus (runs diagonally)
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Coronary Sulcus (posterior)
Major Blood Vessels & Veins
Divided into Three Groups based on size and function: Elastic arteries, Muscular Arteries, Arterioles (smallest of all arteries)
Veins carry blood towards the heart, arteries carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries are endothelium with sparse base lamina
Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary Artery, Pulmonary Veins, Brachiocephalic,
Blood Vessel Wall: tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
Coronary arteries: rise from the base of aorta and supply blood to the heart
Blood vessels are the delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart
Types of Arteries
Common Carotid, Subclavian, Brachiocephalic, Aortic Arch, Thoracic Aorta, Axillary, Brachial, Radial, Ulnar, Abdominal Aorta, Common Iliac Arteries, Femoral, Anterior Tibial Artery
Types of Veins
Internal and External Jugular Vein, Brachiocephalic, Axillary, Subclavian, Deep Veins: Brachial, Ulnar, Radial. Superficial: Cephalic, Basilic. Common Iliac, Great Saphenous, Femoral
Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
Veins: Carry blood towards the heart
Other adaptations: Venous valves, prevent backflow of blood, Venous sinuses, flattened veins with extremely thick walls
Venules: veins have venules, very porous and allow fluids and WBCS into tissues, blood pressure is lower than in arteries
Contraction of muscles causes blood to flow (gravity)
Capillaries: microscopic vessel
Only a single RBC can pass through at a time, walls are thin tunica intima
Function: exchange of gasses, nutrients, wastes, hormones, between blood and interstitial fluid
Capillary Beds: interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
Vascular Shunt: channel that connects arteriole with venule
Precapillary Sphincter: acts as a valve regulating blood flow into capillary bed
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart, Rich in oxygen
Muscular: Deliver blood to body organs and account for most named arteries
Elastic: thick walled with large low resistance lumen
Arterioles: Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Heart creates pressure causing blood flow
Vital Signs: pulse and blood pressure along with respiratory rate and body temperature
Measuring Blood Pressure: Systemic arterial BP is measured indirectly by auscultatory methods
2) Increase pressure in cuff until exceeds systolic pressure
3) Release pressure slowly, listen for sounds of Korotkoff with stethoscope
1) Wrap cuff around arm superior to elbow
Systolic vs Diastolic
Systolic: pressure when sounds first start to occur, normally less than 120 mm HG
Diastolic Pressure: pressure when sounds start to disappear because blood is flowing freely, less than 80 mm Hg
Taking a Pulse: radial pulse is taken at the wrist, Pressure Points areas where arteries are close to the body surface
Venous Blood Pressure: changes little during cardiac cycle, factors aiding in venous returns: muscular pump, respiratory pump, sympathetic vasoconstriction
Respiratory Pump: Pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
Sympathetic vasoconstriction: under sympathetic control, smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back toward heart
Muscular Pump: contraction of skeletal muscle milks blood back toward heart and valves prevent backflow
Pulse: throbbing of arteries due to differences in pulse pressures which can be felt under the skin
Cardiac Cycle and the ECG:
Sinoatrial node: pacemaker of heart in right atrial wall, spreads across atria to AV node
Atrioventricular node: in inferior interatrial septum
AV bundle: in superior interventricular septum, electrical connection between atria ad ventricle
Right and Left Bundle Branches: Two pathways in interventricular septum that carry impulses toward apex
Subendocardial Conducting Network: complete pathway through interventricular septum into apex and ventricular walls, aka purkinje fibers
defects in intrinsic conduction system: arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms), fibrillation (rapid, irregular contractions), uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions)
Sequence of excitation: sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network
Electrocardiography detects electrical currents generated by the heart
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
Coordinated heartbeat is a function of the intrinsic conduction system: a network of noncontractile cells
systole: period of heart cintraction, diastole: heart relaxation
cardiac cycle: blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat, atrial systole and diastole are followed by ventricular systole and diastole
IN LUB-DUB, first sound is closing AV valves, second sound is closing of SL valves