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Cardiovascular System Iara Garro Period One - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System Iara Garro Period One
Components/ Functions of Blood
Major Functions: (3) Transport, Regulation, Protection
Regulation: (homeostasis) body distributes/absorbs heat, bufferrs (bicarbonate ions) used for normal PH, controls enoygh fluid circulating through system
Protection: blood loss prevented with proteins/platelets clotting blood, infection prevented with antibodies, proteins, WBC (immunity) in blood
Transport: Oxygen/nutrient devliery, metabolic wastes travel to lungs, kidneys elimate waste , endocrine terminal goes to target organs
Blood Components: blood is the only fluid tissue: connective tissue types: matrix= plasma, the cells in living blood cells are the formed elements (3): (erythrocytes, RBC) (leukyocytes= WBC), platelets
Erythrocytes: cells, gas transport (with hemoglobin), has no organelles
Blood Layers: bottom: eryhtrocytes (hemotocrit 45%) volume= RBCs), buffy coat (less than 1%, WBCs, platelets), 55% plasma, top
Lekyocytes; respond to infection, raise production of WBC, 2 categories: granulocytes (visible cytopasmic granules), agranulocytes (ymphocytes/monocytes)
Major Functions of Cardiovascular System
Transports nutrients, O2, hormones, waste; maintains homeostasis for body
Heart Anatomy (valves and chambers)
Heart Valves: one-way blood flow; no backflow; two types: atrioventricular/ semilunar valves
Atriventricular: prevent backflow to atria when ventricles contract (tricuspid and bicuspid valve); Semilunar valves (2): prevent backflow from major ateries back to ventricles; puomonary valve: rigth ven/ pulmonary trunk 2) aortic valve: Left ventricle/ aorta
Chambers: right and left ventricles; right pumps blood through pulmonary circuit; Left ventricle pumps through systemic circuit
Sometimes includes right/left atruim as chambers as well
ABO/ Rh Blood Types
ABO groups based on A and B agglutinogens on RBC surface; preformed Anti-A/ Anti-B antibodies; O has no antigens, but anti-a/ anti-b antibodies, AB blood has no antibodies, but A and B antigens
Thrombocytes= platelets; thrombopoiten: raises platelet production
Structure/ Function compare/contrast
Veins: TOWARD heart, deoxygenated EXCEPT pulmonary circulation
Capillaries: directly contact tissue cells, directly serving cells; VEINS AND ARTERIES MEET HERE
Tunica intima, tunia media, tunia exteria
2) middle layer; smooth muscle/elastic sheets; controlling vasoconstrictin: decreased lumen diameter, vasodilation raised lumen diameter
outermost layer: loose collagen fibers reinforce walls; nerve fibers/sympathetic vessels
simple squamous epithelium lining lumen of all vessels;
Arteries: blood AWAY from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation
Three groups of arteries: elastic, muscular, arterioles
muscular arteries: risen by elastic; distribute blood to organs (active w/ vasoconstriction)
arterioles: smallest leading to csapillary beds
elastic arteries: thick; lowers resistance when pressure resevoirs expand (blood leaves heart)
Heart Layers
layers: Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Myocardium: bundles of contractive cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium: innermosts, contrives w endothelial, lines the heart chambers
Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium;
Blood Flow
Right side: (8 areas): superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sionus to the riught atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary artiers, then to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
Left Side (7); 4 pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventircule, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, systemic circulation
Cardiac Cycle/ ECG
detects electrical currents of heart: graphic recording of electrical activity of all action potentials, not one AP tracing;
Main features: (6); P wave, QRS complex, T wave, P-R interval, S-T Segment, Q-T interval
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R- interval: start of atrial exciation/ventricular excitation
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization
S-T- segment: ventricular myocardium depolarized
P wave: SA node/atria depolarization
Q-T interval: start of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
Major Blood Vessels
Arteries
Pulmonary artery, coronary arteries (blood given to heart muscle) , brachiocephalic artery (blood to head, neck, upper) , aorta (largest artery in body; away from heart, then rest to body with 3 branches)
Veins
Pulmonary veins: O2 from lungs back to heart
Veins going to right atirum: superior vena cava (blood from body returned), inferior vena cava (from body regiosn down to diaphragm) , coronary sinus delivering blood back from coronary veins
Vital Signs BP/ Pulse
Signs (4)
blood pressure
needs to be regulated for tissue perfusion, but too high damages blood vessel
body temp
respiratory rate
pulse
Blood pressure: force per unit area on wall by blood
systolic/diastolic pressure: systolic: more than 120 mmHg when sound occurs since blood flowing to artery 2) diastolic >80 mmHg when sound gone; arteries no longer constricted
venous blood pressure (3 pumps): muscular, respiratory, sympathetic venoconstriction
Respiratory pump (pressure change): when breath takes blood to heart; abdomimal veins squeeze while the thoracic expands
Sympathetic venoconstriction: smooth muscle goes to blood to heart; (due to constriction)
muscular pump (contracts): skeletal muscles move bicol to heart; valves prevent backflow
Cardiovascular System disorders
Errythrocyte Disorders: Anemia; 3 possible causes
2) Not enough RBCs produced
iron deficiency, low iron intake, trated w iron supplements
3) Too many Rbcs destroyed
lacked 1 globin chain, RBCs delicate, needs monthly blood transfusions; sickle cell: mutated hemoglobin rbc's moon shaped; small vessels blocked so no O2 delivered ; also no malaria
1) Blood Loss
Hemorrage: anemia, blood loss (stabbed); treated w blood replacement
Leukpoycte disorders: WBC overproduction, low WBC: leukopenia
Thromboembolic disorders: undesirable clot formation, 2) bleeding disorders: prevents nomral clot formation, hemophilia; prolonged bleeding into joint cavities
Myocardial interaction (heart attack): long coronary blockage; scar tissue that repairs cell dies
Congestive heart failure: CO2 lowers, blood inadequate for tissues
Coronary asthersclerosis: arteries clogged because of fat, not delivering oxygen
Hemostasis: steps 3: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation (blood clotting)