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Cardiovascular System Imogen Ecal Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System Imogen Ecal Per.1
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac Cycle: blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
2nd sound is closing of SL valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole
pauses in between are sounds of heart relaxation
1st sound is closing of AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole
electrocardiogram: graphic recording of electrical activity
P-wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atria repolarization
T-wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation and ventricular excitation
S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
Sequence of Exciation
Sinoatrial (SA) Node: pacemaker of heart, generates impulses
Atrioventricular (AV) Node: impulses pause
Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle: connection between atria and ventricles
Right and Left Bundle Branches: conduct impulses through interventricular septum
Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers): depolarizes contractile cells of both ventricles
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Blood Doping is when athletes abuse artificial EPO which increases hematocrit, it allows athletes to increase stamina and performance; it can concentrate blood with dehydration and blood will become like sludge, can clot, and can cause stroke or heart failure
Erythrocyte Disorders
Anemia is a sign of a problem, not a disease
Blood Loss
chronic hemorrhagic anemia: slight but persistent blood loss; to stop blood loss, the primary problem must be treated
hemorrhagic anemia: rapid blood loss, treatment is getting blood replaced; this can be caused by severe wounds
Not enough red blood cell production
iron-deficiency anemia: low iron intake; can be caused by hemorrhagic anemia, can be caused by impaired absorption; treatment includes iron supplements
Too many red blood cells being destroyed
Thalassemias: red blood cells thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin
Sickle-Cell Anemia: mutated hemoglobin; red blood cells crescent shaped and oxygen levels low; misshaped red blood cells rupture easily and block small vessels
Leukocyte Disorders
Leukemia: without treatment, can become fatal; cancerous condition where there is overproduction of abnormal white blood cells; immature and nonfunctional white blood cells fill blood stream; cancerous cells fill red bone marrow; death usually from internal hemorrhage or overwhelming infections; treatment includes irradiation, antileukemic drugs, stem cell transplants
myeloid leukemia involves myeloblast descendants
lymphocytic leukemia involves lymphocytes
Infectious Mononucleosis: highly contagious viral disease seen in young adults; high numbers of typical granulocytes; involve lymphocytes that become enlarged
Leukopenia: abnormally low white blood cell count
Pericarditis: inflammation of pericardium; can compress the heart's pumping ability; excess fluid leaks into pericardial space and is treated with a syringe
Hemostasis Disorders
Thromboembolic disorders: results in undesirable clot formation
anticoagulant drugs like aspirin, heparin, and warfarin are used to prevent clotting
Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation
hemophilia: includes several similar hereditary bleeding disorders; symptoms include prolonged bleeding
Angina Pectoris: thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium; cells weakened
Myocardial Infraction: heart attack; prolonged coronary blockage
Congestive Heart Failure: progressive condition, CO low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs,
coronary atherosclerosis: clogged arteries by fat buildup, it can impair oxygen delivery
persistent high blood pressure: aortic pressure >90mmHg causes myocardium to exert more force
multiple myocardial infracts: heart becomes weak as contractile cells are replaced by scar tissue
dilated cardiomyopathy: ventricles stretch and become flabby; myocardium deterioates
Bradycardia: heart rate slower than 60 beats per minute; can result in inadequate blood circulation, can be a result of endurance training
Tachycardia: abnormally fast heart rate, if it's consistent it can lead to fibrillation; over 100 beats per minute
Heart Murmurs: abnormal heart sounds when blood hits obstructions; indicates valve problems
incompetent/insufficient valve: fails to close completely which allows backflow of blood
Stenotic valve: fails to open completely which restricts blood flow through valve
Fibrillation: rapid and irregular contractions; heart becomes useless for pumping blood which causes circulation to cease; brain death
Arrhythmias: irregular heart rhythms
Varicose Veins: dilated and painful veins due to incompetent/leaky valves
Edema: abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid; it can be caused by an increase in outward pressure or a decrease in inward pressure
Hypertension: 140/90 mm Hg or higher
prehypertension is when valves are elevated but not in hypertension range
prolonged hypertension is a major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke
Hypotension: low blood pressure below 90/60 mm Hg
Circulatory shock: condition where blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally
hypovolemic shock results from large scale blood loss
vascular shock: results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance
cardiogenic shock: results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation
Layers of the Heart
Myocardium: walls of heart; circular bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Epicardium: outermost layer, visceral layer of serous pericardium
Endocardium: Most interior layer, lines heart chambers
Pericardium is a double walled sac that surrounds the heart; has two-layered serous pericardium
Parietal layer: lines internal surface
Visceral Epicardium: external surface of heart
Major blood vessels
internal and external jugular vein: both on neck, internal is more medial than external
femoral vein: thigh; close location to fibular artery
great saphenous vein: medial vein that runs up the leg
median cubital vein: near elbow
abdominal aorta: stomach area
thoracic aorta: lung area
axillary artery: armpit
common iliac artery: near hips
fibular artery: superior to ankle
femoral artery: thigh
common carotid artery: neck area
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Tunica Media
arteries have an elastic membrane and the tunica media is thicker than in veins
veins just have a tunica media
Tunica Externa
tunica externa is thicker in veins than in arteries
both veins and arteries have vasa vasorum
Tunica Intima
in arteries, it contains endothelium, subendothelial layer, and internal elastic membrane
in veins, it has endothelium and the subendothelial layer; the intima layer is thicker in veins than in arteries
Veins have valves, arteries don't
arteries run deep
veins run both deep and superficial
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; carry oxygenated blood
Blood vessels: delivery system that begins and ends at the heart
Veins carry blood toward the heart; deoxygenated
Capillaries have a direct contact with tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs
Structures of Blood Vessels
Tunica Media: middle layer that consists off mostly smooth muscle and sheets of elastin
Vasoconstriction: decreased lumen diameter
Vasodilation: increased lumen diameter
Tunica Externa: outermost layer of wall
Tunica Intima: innermost layer; simple squamous epithelium lines lumen of all vessels; subendothelial layer is connective tissue with a slick surface that reduces friction
all vessels have lumen
capillaries have diameters that are so small that only one red blood cell can pass through
venules lead to capillary bed
arterioles are the smallest arteries and lead to the capillary bed
capillary beds: network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
vascular shunt: channel that directly connects arteriole with venule
precapillary sphincter: acts as a valve regulating blood flow into capillary bed
Vital signs
blood pressure
systolic pressure is normally less than 120mm Hg; pressure when sounds first occur
diastolic pressure is normally less than 8mm Hg; pressure when sounds disappear
wrap cuff around arm superior to elbow
increase pressure until it exceeds systolic pressure
release pressure slowly; listen to sounds of korotkoff with a stethoscope
respiratory rate: breaths per minute
pulse
radial pulse is taken on the wrist
pressure points are areas where arteries are close to the body surface
body temperature
Blood flow through the heart and body
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs (blood gets oxygenated)
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Veins
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
Blood goes to the rest of the body through systemic circulation
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Right side of the heart deals with deoxygenated blood and the left side deals with oxygenated blood
Major Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Regulation
maintains body temperature
maintain normal ph levels
maintain adequate fluid volumue
Protection
Prevent blood loss; plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation
Prevent infection
Transportation
deliver oxygen to body
transport waste to lungs and kidneys
transport hormones from endocrine organs to its target organs
Major components and functions of Blood
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes: 45% of whole blood, has red blood cells, most dense component
Buffy Coat: has platelets and leukocytes, is less than 1% of whole blood
Plasma: 55% of whole blood, least dense component
Function of Erythrocytes (RBCs)
biconcave disc shape that is anucleate and has no organelles; has a small diameter for gas transport (hemoglobin)
dedicated to respiratory gas transport; hemoglobin binds reversibly to oxygen
Function of Leukocytes (WBCs)
Granulocytes
Eosinophil attack and kill parasites and cancer cells; help with allergic responses
Basophil produces allergic and inflammatory responses; secrete chemicals such as histamine which help control the body's immune response
Neutrophils kill and digest bacteria and fungi; first line of defense
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes produce specific immune responses; create antibodies
Monocytes fight off bacteria, viruses, and fungi; longer lifespan and are the largest white blood cells
Most numerous WBCs Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Function of Plasma
take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it
ells also put their waste into plasma and it removes waste from the body
Function of Platelets
platelets are fragments of larger megakaryocyte
involved in blood clotting process
their function is to form temporary platelet plugs to help seal breaks in blood vessels
Anatomy of the Heart
Right Atrium is a chamber on top of the right ventricle
Right Auricle is on the exterior of the heart
Tricuspid Valve prevents blood from the right ventricle from flowing back into the right atrium
Right Ventricle is below the right atrium
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve has cups to prevent backflow of blood back into the right ventricle
Papillary Muscle: chordae tendineae is attached to it
Cordae Tendineae: strings that help valves function properly
Trabeculae Carneae resembles Freddy Krueger
Pulmonary Trunk leads to the left and right side of the lungs; most anterior vessel of the heart
Pulmonary Arteries come from the pulmonary trunk and go to the lungs so that blood can be oxygenated
Pulmonary Veins come back from the lungs to the left atrium
Left Atrium is a chamber on top of the left ventricle
On the exterior of the heart, its location can be seen by the left auricle
Bicuspid/Mitral Valve prevents backflow of blood back into the left atrium
Left Ventricle: has thick myocardium around it
Aortic Semilunar Valve has cups to prevent blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
Aorta delivers blood to the rest of the body
Brachiocephalic
Subclavian Artery
Carotid Artery
Superior Vena Cava delivers deoxygenated blood from the upper portion of the body to the right atrium
Inferior Vena Cava delivers deoxygenated blood from the lower portion of the body and leaves it in the aorta
Coronary Sinus receives deoxygenated blood from heart and dumps it into the right atrium
Interventricular Sulcus contains the great cardiac vein and coronary artery; anterior diagonal, posterior perpendicular
Interventricular Septum separates the right and left side of the heart; thick myocardium
ABO, Rh Blood Types
Positive blood consists of Rh factors on the surface of the red blood cell
Negative blood doesn't contain Rh factors on the surface
Blood type O+ can give to O+,A+,B+, AB+ and can receive from O+ and O-
Blood type AB- can give to AB- and AB+ and can receive from AB-,A-,B-, and O-
Blood type B- can give to B-, B+, AB-, and AB+ and can receive from B- and O-
Blood type A+ can give to A+ and AB+ and it can receive from A+,A-,O+, and O-
Blood type A- can give to A-, A+, AB-, and AB+ and it can receive from A- and O-
Blood type B+ can give to B+ and AB+ and can receive from B+, B-, O+, and O-
Blood type O- can give to all blood types and receive from O-
Blood type AB- can give to AB+ only and can receive all blood types
Blood group O has no RBC antigens and has anti-a and anti-b plasma antibodies
Blood group A has anti-b plasma antibodies
Blood group B has anti-a plasma antibodies
Blood group AB has no plasma antibodies
rarest blood type is AB negative
O+ is the most common blood type