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Unit 3: Early Modern Period - Coggle Diagram
Unit 3: Early Modern Period
the Americas
NOT triangular trade -
atlantic system
columbian exchange
- transfer of
biological
entities between afroeurasia to the americas after colombus (1492)
bad for the Americas (smallpox, measles etc)
corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes (from Americas) can support growing populations in Europe
silver mines in the Americas
huancavelica- biggest deposit of mercury in the Americas and helped with silver mining
potosi silver mine in Bolivia/Peru- produced 80% of Peruvian silver
most slaves are sent to carribean and south america for mining
continuity
expansion of civilizations and trade routes - now to America
Europe
tech
adapting gunpowder weapons (specifically cannons)
increased nautical prowess
navigation: astrolabe, compass
better ships
Iberians
caravels
carracks
Dutch fluyts
exploration
Henry the Navigator of Portugal - trying to find way around Africa to India
Magellan (Portugal) tries to circumvent the globe, but his crew does so go them
Vasco de Gama (Portugal) makes it to India in 1498
pope's line of demarcation
- splits the world in half for spain and portugal
treaty of tordesillas
- spain and portugal rework the line of demarcation
cartier (french) and hudson (dutch) are looking for the
northwest passage
renaissance
humanism
- belief in the worth of human beings, individualism
art
italian: more attention paid to detail (chiaroscuro, contrapposto)
more secular
northern: surface detail over style
greater focus on "true christianity"
oil paint
tech
printing revolution (gutenberg printing press)
social
slaves brought to Europe as domestic helpers
women have some power, but are still used as instruments for the family
religion
The Protestant Reformation
Fietzel sells indulgences
Martin Luther writes his 95 theses
Protestantism begins
reform the church
justification through faith alone
peace of ausburg
- ruler of region chooses either catholicism + lutheranism
Catholic Reformation
council of trent is called to discussion corruption and catholic teachings
roman inquisition founded
jesuits
- new order of christianity to convert people to catholicism
Religious Wars
Mary I ("Bloody Mary") converts England to Catholicism and then Elizabeth I goes back to Anglicism
Calvinist Huguenots against Catholic monarchy
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
- idk people just fight each other and the crown (Henry IV) wins
edict of Nantes
- reaffirms that France is Catholic, but Huguenots can worship and maintain a military
thirty years war
- fought in germanic states, all countries become involved
denmark, sweden, france on protestant side vs the holy roman empire
peace of westphalia
- german rulers can choose their religion (and calvinism is an option)
ruined germanic states
Calvinism
founder: John Calvin
predestination
- your fate is determined by birth
politics
#
France
French Monarchy: the Bourbons
Henry IV (Huguenot turned Catholic)
#
Louie XIII wants more control at the local level (
intendents
)
rebellions, French military defeats Huguenots
Louie XIV
Sun King, divine right to rule
Palace of Versailles
"I am the state"
revokes Edict of Nantes
#
English Reformation
Henry VIII makes the Anglican Church because he wants to
Scientific Revolution
copernicus (heliocentrism)
Bacon - induction
specific knowledge to general conclusion
Descartes - deduction
go from general principles to specific examples
Scientific Method
bacon: analyzing experimental results
descartes: starting from general hypothesis
Gunpowder Empires
Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Ming/Qing, Russians, Austrians
land-based, continuous
large standing armies, strong government, money (taxes) + bureaucracy
Ottoman + Mughal are Sunni, Safavid is Shia
Ottoman
Battle of Chaldiran
- Ottomans defeat Safavid with superior gunpowder weapons
Osman, Mehmed, Suleiman
Mehmed II the Conqueror - captures
Constantinople
Suleiman the Magnificent - peak of Ottoman power
religious toleration (ex: Jewish)
Turkish language, Persian for elites
Hagia Sophia
- cathedral converted to mosque
syncretism
tax farming - auction off right to collect taxes
timar system - pay successful people with land
Devshirme ("blood tax") - collecting boys from christian villages
forced to be janissaries
Safavid
Ismail, Abbas the Great
Ismail: very young founder of Safavids
Abbas the Great - ruler at the height of power
only accepted Shia Muslim
use of captured Russian boys in the military
Mughal
Babur, Akbar, Jahan, Aurangzeb
Akbar - reforms, religious toleration
elevate women
makes his own faith (Din-i-ilahi)
Shah Jahan - building of Taj Mahal
Aurangzeb - beginning of the end, overexpansion
Urdu language - combines Persian, Arabic, and Hindi
Zamindars - regional leaders collect taxes
Sikhism - focuses on good action, not rituals
