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Demography - Coggle Diagram
Demography
Births
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Historical Baby Booms
1920s - 1940s; men were returning from war
1940s - 1960s; increased affluence
2010 - attempted to reduce child poverty
Births Over Time
Calculated by comparing age fertility rates
- TFR 1964 - 2.93
- TFR 2019 - 1.65
- TFR 2020 - 1.60
People are having children later in life
- 1973 - 26.4
- 2019 - 30.7 (lowest since 1938)
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Key measurements:
- Number of births; the actual number of live births per year
- Birth rate; the number of live births per 1000 of the population per year
- Total fertility rate; the average number of births a woman is likely to
have in her fertile years.
Migration
Immigration to the UK
Puah
War, religion, finances/ wages, politics and family
Pull
Work, better healthcare, better education, welfare, politics and family
Emigration to the UK
Push
Weather, education, work and cost
Pull
Weather, cost, new experiences and retirement
Migration Terms;
- Migration - moving from one place to another
- Immigration - moving people into a society
- Emigration - the movement of people out of society.
- Net Migration - The difference between the number of people entering and leaving a country
- Migration 2019
. Immigration - 612,000 people moved to the UK
. Emigration - 385,000 people left the UK
Impact of Migration
Migration impacts the dependency ration
- Most are young and over the working age so lower the dependency ratio (most return to their country of origin for retirement).
- Most have more children so increase the dependency ratio (through these children will join the UK workforce).
- The later the generation, the more likely they are to replicate UK TFR.
Migration to the UK is high
. 53% of conservative voters consider immigration as the top priority.
. Public support for strict immigration policy - 'Go home vans' (2013)
. Nationalities and Borders Bill (2022) - currently in the amendment stage
Direct asylum seekers to 'third party safe countries'.
introduction of offshore processing centres.
Border Force can turn away migrants whilst at sea.
4-year imprisonment for illegal immigrants.
Citizenship can be stripped without notice.
Migration contributes to UK population growth
. The TFR for non-UK mothers is 1.98 as of 2020
Migration alters the age structure of the UK population
. Directly - immigration tends to be younger (20-30)
. Indirectly - as migrants are younger they tend to be more fertile so contribute to increases in the birth rate.
Deaths
Aging Population
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The declining birth rate, coupled with the declining death rate, creates an aging population
- This means that the average age of the population is increasing over time.
- The average age of people in the UK is now 40
- 18% of the population are aged 65 or over
- We have more people aged over 65 than under 16
The population is often illustrated by using a population pyramid
- This shows the spread of population age
- Hirsch (2005) suggests that a traditional population pyramid is now disappearing and
being replaced with more equal-sized blocks.
Consequences
.Growth of ageism and negative stereotypes/ unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age
- Discrimination in terms of employment
- Unequal treatment in healthcare
- Negative speech and terminology used to describe the elderly
- Seeing ageing as a problem (e.g. cost of pensions)
. Sociologists argue that ageism is the result of a structured dependency
- The old are excluded from paid work, which leaves them economically dependent on their families or the state.
- They become stigmatised dependent and powerless.
Marxists - the elderly are no use in a capitalist system
- The state is willing to support or care for them
- Care pressures are passed to family
- The elderly have become a ' reserve army of labour'
. Used as a free source of childcare for families
Postmodernists - Old people's roles and identities are not fixes
- Elderly are free to choose their own identities and roles
- Boundaries between different life stages have become blurred, and we, therefore, have greater choice over our lifestyle at whatever age.
. Hunt (2005)
- The old has become a market for a vast range of products aimed at body maintenance and anti-ageing.
- Hunt argues that this helped to break down the ageist stereotypes that existed in modern society.
Pilcher (1995) - class and gender remain important amongst the elderly:
- Class - MC can afford youthful lifestyles, WC cannot.
- Gender - women have lower pension savings due to work breaks.
. Also subject to sexist as well as ageist stereotypes: 'old hags'
. Postmodernists underestimate the importance of these inequalities
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Key Measurements:
- Number of deaths; the actual number of deaths per year
- Death rate; is the number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
. The number of deaths per year remains fairly steady in the UK at approximately 500,000 (in 2016 there were 525,048 deaths). However, the death rate has halved since 1900, from 19 per 1000 of the population to 9 per 1000 of the population, in recent years.
. The number of deaths may have stayed the same, but because the total population has risen, the number of deaths as a proportion of the total population has declined. This is how we end up with a declining death rate.
Globalisation
Cohen (2006) - identifies three different types of migrants
- Citizens - full citizenship rights such as voting rights
- Denizens - privileged people welcomed by the state, such as billionaire ' oligarchs' or highly paid employees to transnational companies.
- Helots - states and employers regard them as disposable units of labour-power, a reserve army of labour. They found in unskilled, poorly paid work and include illegally trafficked workers and legal workers such as domestic servants.
. Erikson (2007) - Transitional Identities
- Individuals no longer identify with one nationality.
- Instead identify with a range if places and cultures that they have lived within.
. Ehrenreich & Hochschild (2007) - The Feminism of Migration
- Majority of migrants tend to be female reinforcing patriarchal stereotypes.
- Care work, domestic work and sex work in the UK is increasingly done by women from poor countries.
40% of UK nurses are female migrants
- Globalisation has made immigration and emigration more accessible to individuals
. Global patterns of migration between 2000 and 2013 showed a 33% increase in the movement of people between countries.
- there are many different types of migrants:
. permanent, temporary, spouses, refugees, asylum seekers
- it is suggested that globalisation has increased the diversity of migration
. students are now one of the biggest groups of migratants
UK in 2014 - there were more chinese born (26%) than UK born (23%) graduates.
Vertovec (2007)
. Migrantion has led to 'super diversity'.
. Migrants now come from a much wider range of countries and ethnic, religious, cultural backgrounds.