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Mount Merapi - Indonesia 2010 - EDC - Coggle Diagram
Mount Merapi - Indonesia 2010 - EDC
Fact File:
Volcano type
- Stratavolcano
Major rock type
- Andesite/ Basaltic Andesite
Tectonic setting
- Subduction zone (convergent) - Indo-Australian subducts under the Eurasian plate
Population within:
5Km - 49,205
10Km - 185,849
30Km - 4,248,473
100Km - 24,728,414
Eruptive history:
Last known eruption - 2021
Around 80% of dated eruptions have occurred since 1900
General facts:
One of Indonesia's most active volcanoes
Pyroclastic flows + lahars have devastated lands + caused fatalities
Explosive
VEI = 4
367 deaths
What Were The Pre-Eruption Warning Signs Prior to Mount Merapi Erupting And How Did People Respond?
A pattern of increasing seismicity had begun to emerge in
early September
Observers at Babadan 7km W and Kaliurang 8km S of the mountain reported hearing an avalanche on
12th September
2010
14th September 2010
- white plumes were observed rising 800m (2600ft) above the crater
Lava dome inflation (detected since March), increased from background levels of 0.1-0.3 mm per day to a rate of 11mm per day on
16th September
19th September 2010
- earthquakes continued to be numerous, the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (1-4)
Lava from Merapi began flowing down the Gendol River
23-24th October
signalling the likelihood of an imminent eruption
Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the Mt over the weekend
(23-24th)
- magma had risen to about 1km (3,300ft) below the surface to the seismic activity
25th October
- Indonesian Government raised the alert to 4 (highest level) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground - people living within 10km zone were told to evacuate, evacuation order affected at least 19,000 people however the number that compiled at the time remained unclear to authorities
People were reluctant to evacuate
Last eruption wasn't bad
Had no where else to go and didn't want to leave everything they had
Lack of education? - May not know how serious the eruption could be
Impacts:
Positive Social Impacts:
Brings jobs in the form of the tourism industry
Medical use of hot spa water and mud can improve health
Negative Social Impacts:
200,000 homeless
Emergency shelters had to be moved over 15km away
320,000 displaced
Danger area was extended to 20km from the mountain leading to poor people living in the area had to flee their homes
Evacuation centres were overcrowded, leading to poor sanitation, no privacy and serious disease risk
Farmers lost their livelihoods
Lava flows closed many roads and others were closed off for safety reasons
353 people killed from the main eruption and the smaller ones that followed
Negative Economic Impacts:
Vegetable prices increased because of damage to crops
Planes were grounded in W Australia due to the risk of damage to aircraft from the ash cloud
Lava flows damaged ski lifts
Positive Economic Impacts:
Brought volcanic tourism although eruptions can cause tourists to cancel visits
Mineral mining increased
Negative Environmental Impacts:
Ash, rock and lava deposited on the sides of the volcano was washed down into towns by rainfall creating a lahar
SO2 was blown across Indonesia as far S as Australia
Water contaminated with acidic lava and ash
Positive Environmental Impacts:
A conservation area has been set up around the volcano where it is unsafe to live
Geothermal energy is renewable source of energy using steam from hot rocks near the surface
Breathing difficulties from contaminated air (ash and acidic fumes)
Ash from the volcano eventually led to more fertile soils in the area
Managing Losses:
Short Term Emergency Aid:
210 evacuation centres were set up either as tents, in schools, churches, stadiums or government offices
1600 people, either volunteers or military were part of the national aid response
International aid was offered from organisations such as the Red Cross
Long Term Resources for Rebuilding:
Formal evacuation centres were eventually set up because buildings such as schools and government offices were needed for their official use
2682 people had to be moved to new safer houses permanently
Government made money available to farmers to help replace livestock
Government has set up a special task force to support people that have been affected by the volcano either by family issues, or because they have lost their jobs