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Cardiovascular System Joseph Gonzales P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System Joseph Gonzales P.5
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Endocarditis and Myocarditis
symptoms
fever
fatigue
chest pains
inflammation to the heart
Cause:
heart valve damage
recent surgery
virus bacterial; fungal infection
treatment
antibiotics
medication
reduced activity
Myocardial Inflammation (heart attack)
Treatment
coronary bypass
open heart surgery
lifestyle change
blood flow to a part of heart is blocked
causes:
obesity
blood clot
high blood pressure
symptoms
chest pains
sweating
heart palpitations
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Causes:
limb trauma
smoking
obesity
Symptoms
leg and arm pain
weak pulse
hair loss on arm and legs
Treatments:
lifestyle change
medication
Bypass surgery
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)
Symptoms:
memory loss
severe headache
confusion
blood to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Cause:
clogged arteries
age/race
diabetes
Treatment
blood thinners
physical therapy
lifestyle changes
Congenital Heart Disease
Treatment
some abnormalities may heal on their own
medication
surgical intervention
Causes:
tricuspid artesia
aortic steins
pulmonary stenosis
issue with heart structure or function present from birth
Symptoms:
cyanosis common
may cause death
may be asymptomatic
ABO, Rh blood types
Type A blood has A antigens on RBC membranes and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Type B blood has B antigens on RBC membranes and anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Type AB blood has both both A & B antigens on RBC, but neither type of antibodies in plasma; universal recipient
Type O blood has neither antigen on RBC membrane, but both types of antibodies in plasma; universal donor
Rh
humans have several RH antigens or factors- Antigen D is most common
If Rh factor (Antigen D) is present on a persons RBC the blood is positive
If the blood is absent, then the Rh is negative
A RH negative person is in physical contact with a RH positive, then the person will develop anti-Rh antibodies
Anatomy of the heart
dvided into 4 chambers
Right Atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins
the superior and inferior vena cava enter through the right atrium
located in the upper right corner of the heart superior to the right ventricle
Right Ventricle
pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
Receives blood from the right atrium; pumps blood into the pulmonary artery
located in the lower right portion of the heart below the right atrium and opposite the left ventricle.
Left Atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it down into the left ventricle which delivers it to the body.
Left Ventricle
thickest of the heart's chambers
responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues all over the body
on the inside, if a side is thicker, then its the left side
the tip of the heart is called the
apex
the upper portion is called the
base
Blood Vessels
Inferior Vena Cava
carries un-oxygenated blood to the right atrium from the lower portion of the body
located beneath the superior vena cava
Aorta
carries blood from the left ventricle to the body
supply blood to the upper and lower portions of the body
Superior Vena Cava
carries un-oxygenated blood to right atrium from the upper portion of the body
a tube located near the top of the heart
Brachiocephalic artery
a branch off the aorta
supply's the right upper limb and the right common carotid
supplying the right side of the brain, neck, and head
Pulmonary Trunk
transporting deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
it splits up into the left and right pulmonary arteries to provide blood for oxygenation in the lungs.
Pulmonary Vein
transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria of the heart.
The veins merge into larger veins. Each lung has two pulmonary veins that deliver blood to the heart's top left chamber or atrium
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac Cycle
2: then ventricles contract (called ventricular systole), while atria relax (called atrial diastole
3: then, the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment
1: the atria contract (called atrial systole), while ventricles relax (called ventricular diastole)
electrodiagram
recording at the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle
P Wave: first wave, corresponds tot depolarization of the atria; leads to contraction of atria
QRS Complex: Corresponds to depolarization of ventricles that leads to contraction of ventricle; depolarization of atria occurs
T Wave: Corresponds to ventricular repolarization & leads to ventricular relaxation
The heart makes the sound "lubb-dupp"
first sound is "lubb" as ventricles & AV valves closing
the second sound is "dupp" occurs as ventricles relax and aortic pulmonary valves close
abnormal heart sounds are called murmurs
Major blood vessels
Brachiocephalic artery
a branch off the aorta
supply's the right upper limb and the right common carotid
supplying the right side of the brain, neck, and head
Pulmonary Trunk
transporting deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
it splits up into the left and right pulmonary arteries to provide blood for oxygenation in the lungs.
Aorta
carries blood from the left ventricle to the body
supply blood to the upper and lower portions of the body
Pulmonary Vein
transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria of the heart.
The veins merge into larger veins. Each lung has two pulmonary veins that deliver blood to the heart's top left chamber or atrium
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
carries un-oxygenated blood to right atrium from the upper portion of the body
a tube located near the top of the heart
carries un-oxygenated blood to the right atrium from the lower portion of the body
located beneath the superior vena cava
Coronary Artery
supply blood to the heart muscle
Major components and functions of Blood
Plasma
is a mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular waste
92% water
transports nutrients & gases to maintain normal PH
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
production is called erythropoiesis
lifespan is 120 days
the number of RBC's circulation determines oxygen-carrying capacity
used in diagnosing conditions and various diseases
too much increase in RBC is called polycythemia- causes viscous, slow moving blood and oxygen deficiency
White Blood Cells (WBC)
help defend the body against disease
formed from hemocytoblast (hematopoietic stem cells) in red bone marrow
can leave bloodstream to the fight infection
Platelets
also called thrombocytes are fragments of large cells in red bone marrow
help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges; the stoppage of bleeding is called hemostasis
the stoppage of bleeding using platelets
low platelet can increase risk of internal bleeding
transports substances throughout the body and helps maintain homeostasis
transports nutrients & oxygen to the body cell and removes metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
Blood flow through the heart and body
Superior/Inferior Vena Ceva
Right Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
1 more item...
Vital signs
Body Temperature
In the heat, blood vessels close to the surface of the skin enlarge, called vasodilation
allows more heat to be lost from the blood, this is called vasoconstriction
Blood Pressure
force blood exerts against the inner walls
BP exists all through the cardiovascular system
BP referred to as systemic arterial pressure
BP (blood pressure) = CO (cardiac output) x PR (peripheral resistance)
normal bp is 60 to 100
anything higher than 100 is tachyardia
anything lower than 60 is bradycardia
Pulse Rate
Pulse = measuring heart-rate
heart rate: number of heart beats per min (average is 72 beats per min)
there are multiple pulse points
radial artery, carotid artery, brachial artery, femoral artery, and NOT THE ULNARY ARTERY
Respiration Rate
The more the heart beats, the more breathing occurs
As the heart beats faster, it uses more energy and sends more oxygen to the body
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Arteries
Layers of the heart
Tunica media
thick middle layer, composed of muscle tissue
Tunica externa
outermost layer of CT
relatively thin
attaches the artery to surrounding tissue
Tunica interna
innermost endothelia layer composed of simple squamous et
creates smooth surface to prevent clots
strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high blood pressure
usually transport blood away from heart
when they get smaller, they divide and give rise to arterioles
Capillaries
single layer simple squamous
a constant exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes occur between capillaries and tissue fluid near body cells
blood entering capillaries have high concentrations of oxygen and credits, that diffuse from capillaries into tissues
will dump oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide
Veins
function as a blood resource
vasoconstriction of veins in times of blood loss can almost restore normal BP after 25% of blood being lost to a hemorrhage
Lumen
smaller in artery than vein
have valve = no backflow
bp in a vein is lower than that of an artery
veins start small away from heart
they grow as blood is stored in veins that came together
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
a closed circuit that consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins)
vital for supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissue and removing waste from them
Heart Structure
hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump within the mediastinum in thoracic cavity
lies between lungs, anterior to the vertebral column, behind sternum
Heart Coverings
Parietal pericardium
outer layer; lines surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
inner layer; covers heart
Pericardium is a membrane sac that encloses the heart
Pericardial cavity
space between visceral and parietal layers
Wall of Heart
myocardium
middle layer
consists of cardiac muscle
thickest heart layer
pumps blood to the heart
endocardium
inner layer
made of ct and et
epicardium
outermost layer; serous membrane of ct and et
decreases friction of heart
Layers of the heart
Myocardium
middle layer
consists of cardiac msucle
thickest heart layer
pumps blood out of heart chambers
Endocardium
inner layer
made of CT & ET
continuous with endothelium of major vessels joining the heart
Epicardium
also called "visceral pericardium"
outermost layer
serous membrane of CT & ET
decreases friction of heart