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Andy Rico P.6 Cardiovascular system - Coggle Diagram
Andy Rico P.6 Cardiovascular system
Major components and functions of Blood
Functions of the blood
Transportation
Blood will transport and deliver O2 (oxygen) and nutrients to the body cells
Blood will also transport metabolic waste to the lungs and kidneys for disposal
Blood will also transports hormones from the endocrine organs to the target cells
Protection
Blood also protects the body from infections
It achieves this by using the agents of immunity that are carried within the blood. Agents such as
White Blood Cells
Complements proteins
Antibodies
Blood will protect the body from blood loss
It prevents blood loss by using plasma proteins and platelets in the blood to create clotting.
Regulation
Blood will regulate and maintain the pH levels at normal by using buffers
Blood will maintain and regulate the amount of fluids found in the circulatory system
Blood will maintain and regulate the blood temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Major component of the blood
The blood is the only tissue in the body that is fluid. It has three major blood components:
Buffy Coat
The Buffy makes up less than 1% of the whole blood. The Buffy coat is located between the Red blood cells and the plasma layer
The components found in the Buffy Coat are: The White Blood Cells and Platelets
Erythrocytes
The Erythrocytes make up 45% of the whole blood as well as begin the most dense component of it
The component of the Erythrocyte are the red blood cells the amount ranges depending on the value of the hematocrit as well as hemoglobin
Plasma
Plasma makes up about 55% of the whole blood. Plasma is also the least dense component in the blood.
The components of plasma: 90% of it is water, while it also contains nutrients, gasses, hormones, wastes, inorganic ions, and proteins (albumin makes up 60% of the plasma proteins)
ABO, Rh blood types
ABO blood Groups
There are multiple blood types, the blood type is determined due to the presence or absence of two agglutinations (antigens) A and B in the surface of the red blood cell. The blood groups are also determined by the presence and absence of anti-A or ant-B antibodies .
Rh Blood types
The second factor used to determined the type of blood of a person is through the presence or absence of a Rh factor. The Rh factor will determine weather the type of blood is a negative such as B-, O-, A-, AB- or positive such as A+,O+,B+,AB+.
Rh+ (Rh positive)
If there is a Rh presence in the blood it means that they are Rh positive meaning that in there red blood cells there is the presence of the D antigen
Rh- (Rh negative)
If there is no presence of Rh in the blood it means it is Rh negative and therefore there is no presence of the D antigen in the blood this way making the blood negatives.
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system is a combination of blood vessels, the heart, and the blood itself as it will travel through the whole body and serve specific functions which are similar to those of the blood as it is part of the of the cardiovascular system, these functions are:
It circulates oxygen all thorough the body and at the same type gets rid of the carbon dioxide
Transports and provides the body cells with nutrients
Prevents blood loss throughout the processes of clotting
Protects the body from infection and outside diseases
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
Exterior
Anterior View/ Posterior view
Chambers
Receiving Chambers
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Pumping chambers
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Orientation tellers
Base ( Top portion of the heart)
Apex ( Bootom of the heart
Blood Vessels
Veins
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Left coronary vein
Great Cardiac vein
Right coronary vein
Artery
Pulmonary artery ( Most visible in the anterior view of the heart)
Right coronary artery
Circumflex artery
Aorta
A sending aorta
Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
Left subclavian artery
Inter ventricular sulcus
Coronary sulcus (only in the posterior view of the heart)
Epicardium
Interior
Chambers
Receiving chambers:
Right atrium
Left Atrium
Pumping chambers
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Valves
Semi-lunar valves
Pulmonary semi-lunar valves ( Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries)
Aortic semi lunar valve (Located between the left ventricle and the aorta )
Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid valve (Located between the right atrium and right ventricle)
Bicuspid Valve ( located between the left atrium and left ventricle)
Chordae tendineae (Heart strings who attch to the atrioventricular valves)
The papillary muscles connect to the Chordae tendineae
Inter-ventricular septum
Herat walls
Endocardium
Myocardium
Blood vessels
Aorta
Branchicephalic trunck
Left subclavin artery
Left common carotid artery
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Layers of the heart
The heart is a vital organ in the body and more importantly for the cardiovascular system, this is why it must be protected through a series of layers.
Epicardium
The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heat, it is also known as the visceral layer of the pericardium which is a heart covering. Its function is to protect the heart from trauma as well as friction
Myocardium
The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart. This layer has circular or spindle bundles made of contractile muscle cells. This means that the function of the myocardium is to contract, this will produce the contraction of the heart that allows for the eventual blood flow thorough the blood vessels
Endocardium
The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart which surrounds chambers such as ventricles, atrium, and other inner portions of the heart. The function of the endocardium is to keep the blood flowing and separates the blood from the myocardium.
Blood flow through the heart and body
Blood flow through heart
Right side (Deoxygenated blood)
The valve is known as the semi lunar pulmonary valve
The blood goes through the valve and enters the pulmonary artery
The next chamber is the right ventricle, when the ventricle contracts the blood will continue to move to the next valve
The pulmonary artery will transport the blood
The blood of the right atrium goes through the Tricuspid valve into the next chamber
The blood from the pulmonary artery is transported into the lungs
The blood enters the the right atrium
Blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava as well as the coronary vein, thsi blood is recived from the body
Left side (Oxygenated blood)
The pulmonary vein deposit the blood into the left atrium
The blood from the left atrium goes through the bicuspid valve
The blolod travels from the lungs into the heart through the pulmonary veins
After passing the bicuspid valve the blood is deposited into another chamber
The blood gets oxygenated from the lungs and begins to travel to the heart
The another chamber is the left ventricle, when it contracts it send the blood through a valve
The valve is the aortic semi lunar valve, the blood will pas through it
After passing the aortic semi lunar valve it goes into the aortic blood vessel
The aorta will send the oxygenated blood all through the body
Blood flow through body
Blood flow of the body through arteries
Blood flow to the upper limbs
The blood from the aorta will flow into one of the branches attached to the aorta in this case the subclavin artery
The connection to the subclavin artery continues to extend through out the upper area near the shoulder
The subclavian artery will connect to the axillary artery located in the armpit area
The axillary artery will connect to the brachial artery
The brachial artery itself later splits into two different arteries there is the ulnar artery as well as the radial artery
The blood will eventually reach multiple capillaries beds through the blood flow were the blood will exchange gasses and other materials with veins
Blood flow to thoracic and abdominal region as well as lower limbs
The lower part of the bodies such as the thoracic, abdominal, pelvic and lower limbs, recives its blood through teh aorta,
The blood goes through the aorta, ascending aorta and the aorta arch, the aorta will continue to extend
The aorta will extend downwards, this is known as the thoracic aorta as it passes through the thoracic region, there are more arteries that branch of from this aorta into more specific places of the body in the thoracic area
The aorta continues to go down, this is the abdominal aorta which in itself has arteries that branch off into the abdominal regions
It continues to go down, however the aorta splits into what is known as the Common iliac artery, this artery will continue to go down into the lower limbs
The common iliac feeds into the femoral artery in the femur region of the leg,
The Femoral artery continue to go down an eventually splits up into the anterior tibial artery and fibular artery
The blood will eventually reach multiple capillaries beds through the blood flow were the blood will exchange gasses and other materials with veins
Blood flow to the head
The blood will flow into the left common carotid as well as the brachiocephalic artery to be taken above the heart and into teh head
The blood will continue to flow into the common carotid artery through the neck until it reaches the head and brain
The blood from the aorta will flow into two of the arteries attached to the aorta
The blood will eventually reach multiple capillaries beds through the blood flow were the blood will exchange gasses and other materials with veins
Blood flow through the body by veins
Blood flow from upper limbs
The blood flow from the upper limbs back to the heart begins in the deep veins of the ulnar veins as well the radial vein
These vein will start to merge into the basilic vein (superficial vein) and continues into the brachial vein (deep vein)
The brachial vein connects to the axillary vein. In the same brachial area there is also the superficial vein known as the cephalic vein, both the cephalic and axillary vein connect to the subclavin vein
The subclavin vein connects to the brachiocephalic vein and into the superior vena cava
The superior vena cava eventually drops the blood into the heart
Blood flow from lower limbs, thoracic and abdominal regions
The blood will continue to go upwards through a series of valves that will impulse the blood until the inferior vena cava
The inferior vena cava will deliver the blood into the heart
These two veins start to merge into the external iliac vein, as it continues to go up it goes to the internal iliac vein and eventually the common iliac vein
Beginning from the lower limbs,the blood will return to the heart through the great saphenous as well as the femoral vein
Blood flow from head
From the head, the external jugular vein as well as the internal jugular vein will start too flow the blood towards the heart
The capillaries will transfer the gasses from the artery to the veins
These veins will start to connect to the brachiocephallic vein as well as the subclavian vein
These veins will eventually connect to the superior vena cava that will introduce the blood into the heart
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Functional Differences
The veins of the body will carry blood towards the heart, while the arteries move blood away from the heart
Capillaries are in charge of the exchange of materials between the veins and arteries as well as the tissue cells
The veins and arteries move blood all through the body, while the capillaries have direct contact with tissues cells
The pressure in the blood cells also differ from one another, both the veins and capillaries have a low blood pressure while the arteries have a higher blood pressure
Structural Difference
The wall thickness in the blood vessel is different, for the arteries, they have thick walls, in the veins, it is thinner than those of the artery but thicker than the capillaries, and capillaries are extremely thin (single cell thick )
All blood vessels have a lumen, in the case of the artery and the vein they have a three layer lumen (Tunica adventitia, Tunica media and Tunica Intima) while for the capillaries it only has one layer (Tunica intima)
Due to the fact that all blood vessels have a lumen, the thickness of the lumen differs from each blood vessel. For a artery, the lumen thickness is consider as narrow, for the vein it is wide and for the capillaries, it is extremely thin ( single cell thick)
The artery and the capillaries do not have a valve while the veins do have a series of valve
The amount of muscle and elastic fiber also differs from blood vessel to blood vessel. The artery has large amounts of muscle and elastic fibers, the veins have smaller amounts and the capillaries have none
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle is a mechanical event of the heart which refers to the blood flowing through the heart and completing one full heart beat.
It is this mechanical event that allows for the information seen in the ECG.
The cycle also the representation of changes in the blood pressure and blood volume changes
There is three steps in the cardiac cycle
2) Ventricular systole (The contraction of the hearts ventricle)
3) Complete cardiac diastole ( The heart is found in a relaxation period)
1) Atrial systole (The contraction of the heart arteries)
ECG (Electrocardiogram test)
The Electrocardiogram also known as EKG or ECG is a test that detects and records all the electrical activity.
The test is done by placing "electrodes" at various points of the body in order to measure the amount of electrical current. There is normally 12 main places
The ECG has multiple main features such as:
QRS complex
This complex refers to the depolarization of the hearts ventricles and the repolarization of the atrial
T wave
This wave refers to the repolarization of the hearts ventricle
P wave
This wave represents the depolarization (decrease of energy) of the SA node and the atria
P-R interval
In this interval, the atrial and ventricular excitation begins
S-T segment
This segments occurs when the entire ventricular myocardium tissue is depolarized
Q-T interval
This interval represents the beginning of the ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Arteries: There are many arteries going through the entire body, they are mostly named due to the region they are found in and other variables as well. These are the major arteries in the body
Heart
Pulmonary Artery
Aorta
Left common carotid
Brachiocephalic artery
Left subclavian artery
Left coronary artery
Thoracic
Thoracic aorta
Subclavian artery
Cervical
Common carotid artery
Axial
Axillary artery
Brachial
Brachial artery
Antibrachial
Ulnar artery
Radial artery
Abdominal/ pelvic
Abdominal artery
Common Iliac artery
Femoral
Femoral artery
Crural
Fibular artery
Anterior tibial artery
Veins
Heart
Inferior Vena cava
Superior Vena cava
Coronary vein
Thoracic
Inferior Vena Cava
Brachiocephalic vein
Subclavian vein
Cervical
External jugular vein
internal jugular vein
Axial
Auxillary vein
Brachial
Brachial vein (Deep vein)
Cephalic vein (Superficial vein)
Basilic vein (Superficial vein)
Anti-brachial
Ulnar vein (Deep vein)
Radial vein (Deep vein)
Abdominal-pelvic region
Common iliac vein
Internal iliac vein
External iliac vein
Femoral
great saphenous vein
Femoral vein
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
A vital pressure is a clinical measurement which proves the human body is alive. In the case of the cardiovascular system there is two vital signs.
Pulse
The pulse refers to the detection of the blood traveling through the arteries all through out the body. Examples are
The radial pulse, this type of pulse is taken at the wrist, this is the most used way of taking pressure however there are other pulse points
Pressure points: These are the points were the arteries are close to the surface of the body making it easier to take the pulse of a person. In these areas if applied pressure can prevent blood flow in order to prevent a hemorrhage
Common carotid artery
Brachial artery
Facial artery
Radial artery
Superficial temporal artery
Femoral artery
Posterior tibial artery
Popliteal artery
Dorsalis pedis artey
Blood Pressure (BP)
Blood pressure refers to a unit of measurement that represents the force begins to apply to the walls of the blood vessels. The Blood pressure is measured in the unit mm Hg. The number presented as the unit of measure is a series of two numbers each representing a specific aspect of the BP
Systolic pressure
The systolic pressure refers to the amount of pressure begin exerted on the aorta during the ventricular contraction of the heart
The ventricular contraction refers to the left ventricle who pumps its blood into the aorta who becomes stretch when the blood begins to flow.
The average measurement for systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg
Diastolic pressure
This diastolic pressure refer to the minimum level of aortic pressure when the heart is at rest
The average pressure for the diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
EPO disorder
Artificial EPO (Blood doping)
EPO occurs when a person inject themselves with there won red blood cells with the purpose of increasing the hematocrit in order to increase stamina and performance
Consequences: The blood is more likely to clotting, stroke and heart failure. Increase the blood concentration
Anemia
Symptoms: Chills, pallor, fatigue, dyspnea
Anemia: The blood has a low amount if O2 as the altered shape of the red blood cells does not allow for the transportation of the gas
Cause:
Blood loss
Hemorrhagic anemia
This occurs when there is rapid blood loss
It is treated with blood replacement
Chronic hemorrhagic anemia
Treated by stooping whatever is causing the blood loss
The blood lost is slower but constant
Not enough RBC's produced
Not enough RBC's causes a Iron deficiency anemia
Can be caused due to severe blood loss as well as irons
Treatment: iron supplements
Too many red blood cells begin destroyed
Thalassemias
The Red Blood cell are thin, and lack of hemoglobin
It is typically found in people who live or have Mediterranean ancestry
Caused by a faulty hemoglobin chain
Sickle-cell anemia
It is caused by the mutated hemoglobin
The mutation will change the shape of the red blood cell not allowing for hemoglobin to attach, this way affecting the transportation of oxygen
Treatment: Transfusions of blood
Infectious mononucleosis
It is caused by a virus ( Epstein-Barr virus)
Symptoms: Sore throat, low fever, Tired, achy
This type of disease is normally seen in young adults, it is also known as the "kissing disease"
Thromboembolic disorders:
This disorder causes for the undesirable and unnecessary of the formation of blood clots
The treatment: Taking anticoagulant drugs such as Aspirin, Heparin and Warfarin
Hemophilia
This is the opposite to the thromboembolic disorder, it causes the body the inability to form blood clots
Symptoms : Prolonged bleeding in the body especially in the joint cavities
Treatment: Injections of genetically engineered factors
Pericarditis
Pericarditis refers to the inflammation of the pericardium ( the covering layer of the heart)
Pericarditis creates a cardiac tamponade in which there is a excess of fluids that leaks into the pericardial space, this excess of fluids presses the heart and does not allow for the hearts contraction
Treatment: The fluid need to be released
Angina pectoris
This disorder causes thoracic pain that are caused due to a deficiency of blood into the myocardium. The lack of blood weakens the cell in the myocardium
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
It is caused due to a blockage in the coronary blood vessels
Heart murmurs
They are referred to as abnormal heart sounds usually caused by a miss function in the heart valves
Tachycardia
It is caused by a abnormally fast heart rate anything above 100 beats per minute
Bradycardia
The opposite to Tachycardia, when the hear rate is slower than 60 beats per minute
Congestive Heart Failure
This is a progressive condition that is caused by the low amount of CO is to low and is not enough to meet what the tissue requires
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
This is caused when the ventricles stretch so much it becomes flabby and the myocardium becomes so weak that it can no longer contract
Multiple myocardial infarcts:
The contractile cells become weaken and are replaced with scar tissue
Hypertension
Hypertension is refereed to as a sustained elevated pressure in the artery of about 140/90 mm Hg
If the hypertension persist it can cause great problems such as heart failure, stroke, renal failure and vascular disease
Varicose Veins
Caused when the veins have become dilated due to faulty vein valves
The causes of Varicose Veins are either hereditary or can also be caused by elevated pressure on the veins
Hypotension
Opposite to Hypertension, the range is below 90/60 mm Hg
Low blood pressure can cause inadequate blood flow to the body causing bigger problems
Circulatory shock
A disease that causes the blood vessels to no be able to fill correctly and does not allow for the blood to flow properly
Vascular shock
Caused by the dilatation of blood vessels
Cardiogenic shock
The heart cannot circulate enough blood
Hypovolemic shock
Caused by big amounts of blood loss
Edema
Caused by a increase amount of interstitial fluids
It is caused by pressure from the outside or a decrease in pressure from the inside