Cochrane and Pain - Suggest it is the emergence of a global economic and cultural system which is incorporating the people of the world into a single global society.

Cohen and Kennedy - Suggest it is a series of transformations of the world, including changes in concept of time and space, interdependent economies, increasing cultural interaction and increasingly shared problems.

Giddens - Argues it is defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.

Global Village - Giddens argued that we now live within our own global villages. This is the idea that digital communication has allowed us to keep in contact with friends, family, businesses and others via the internet and social media. He argued that we now use increasing amounts of communication which do not face to face and as time and distance shrink, the world is becoming a smaller place.

Visual Communities (Carter) - Carter is looking at a social network with CyberCity- a place where people can connect online and form and maintain relationships. These can be used socially but also for businesses to find a workforce, advertise or advertise (LinkedIn is an example of this).

Digital social networks (Putnam - social capital) - Bowling Alone- warns that our social capital (the very fabric of our connections with each other) has declined, making our lives and communities less rich, less diverse and more impoverished. Putnam argues that social capital in the USA is in decline; political and civic participation is in decline, as is church and union membership

Cornford and Robbins - Argue that digital communication is simply a way for capitalism to control people more subtly through their use of social media under the guise of protecting from terrorism. For example, it is often unclear if or how much the company owning the software program such as Facebook are collecting information on the individual’s choices and decisions

The Snowden Report - In 2013 the US National Security Agency (NSA) specialist Edward Snowden revealed widespread misuse of surveillance of digital forms of communication. He provided evidence that the US and British Government has been accessing personal and private communications claiming it was in the interests of ‘national security. But the intelligence agencies dismiss such claims, arguing their programmes are necessary and legal. Surveillance, they say, is essential to meet their overriding aim of protecting the public from terrorist attacks.

CEOP - In 2012-13 the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre

Locke and Pascoe - Benefits of digital communication on identity

Haraway - We are all Cyborgs now (can be used as positive and negative (Paris Brown)

Li and Kirkup - Men in computer games; pressure of one line perfection (Survey by girl guides association)

Hinton and Hjorth- 2013 (form relationships across the globe)

Shaw and Grant - (The positive effects of the internet)

Social construction - Relativity of crime and deviance

Plummer - Public v Private deviance; societal v Situational crime and defence

At least 4 strengths (link to theory: Positivism, realism, functionalism

At least 4 weaknesses (Link to theory: interpretivism, interactionism, Marxism)

Durkheim - Crime is inevitable and functional

-Cohen - Status Frustration
-Miller - Focal concerns
-Cloward and Ohlin - illegitimate opportunity structures
-Murray - Underclass

New Right theory - Murray; Hirschi (control theory), Clarke (rational choice)

Lemert - Primary/ secondary deviance and stuttering)

I can explain why ethic minority groups are more likely to commit crime than the white majority
Patterson - Host-immigration model (functionalist)
Gunter, Pitts - Culture and identity explanations
Lea and Young - Left realist
Sewell -Triple Quandary

Explain that statistics are socially constructed: Black people do not actually commit more crimes than white people
Gilroy - Cultures of resistance
Hall - Mugging moral panic
McPherson - Institutional racism
Holdaway - Canteen culture
Waddington (Criticism) -

Left Realist Views
Social and community crime prevention-(reducing inequality; perry pre-school project)
Restorative justice and reintegrative shaming- (link to interactionism - avoid the label).