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Biochemistry, Organic Molecules, Subatomic, Primary Structure, Water,…
Biochemistry
Organic Molecules
Proteins
Monomers
Amino acids
Polymers
Polypeptides
Folding Structures
Composition
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Hydrogen
Major Functions
Enzymatic
Structural
Receptor
Motor
Defensive
Transport
Hormonal
Storage
Carbohydrates
Composition
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
1:2:1 ratio
Types/Categorization
Monosaccharides
1 saccharide
Monomer
Examples
Glucose
Main source of energy for cellular respiration
Fructose
Sugars in fruits
Ribose
Important for RNA/DNA
Types
Trioses
Pentoses
Hexoses
Disaccharides
2 saccharides
Examples
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
Polysaccharides
2+ saccharides
Polymer
Examples
Starch
Storage of energy in plants
Amylopectin + Amylose
Cellulose
Used in cell wall
Fiber
Helps animal digestion
Glycogen
Storage of energy in animals
General Properties
Monomers are connected with glycosidic bonds
Formed during dehydration synthesis
Monomers have ring structures
Soluble in water
Hydrogen bonds form between carbohydrates and water molecules
Major Function
Short-term Energy Storage
Nucleic Acids
Made Of
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Make up DNA and RNA
Composition
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Lipids
Types
Steroids
Do not contain glycerol
Fats (Triglycerides)
Saturation
Saturated
No carbon-carbon double bonds
Unsaturated
Monounsaturated
1 carbon-carbon double bond
Polyunsaturated
1+ carbon-carbon double bond
Trans
Made Of
3 Fatty acid tails
Hydrocarbon chain
4-28 carbons long
Carboxyl group at the end
Ester linkage
Glycerol backbone (3-carbon)
Phospholipids
Made Of
2 Fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
Glycerol backbone (3-carbon)
Head group (hydrophilic)
Phosphate group (polar)
Glycerol (with Oxygen)
Composition
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous (phospholipids)
Subatomic
Atom
Element
Biology
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Trace
Small amounts
Compound
Bonding
Ionic
Donation of electrons
Anion + Cation
Covalent
Sharing of electrons
Polar
Electrons shared unequally
Non polar
Electrons shared equally
Hydrogen
Intermolecular attraction
Chemical reaction
pH Scale
Acidic
Neutral
Basic
Atomic No.
No. of Protons
Mass No.
No. of Protons + No. of Neutrons
Isotope
Different No. of Neutrons
Radioactive isotope
Radiometric Dating
Nucleus
Proton
Positive charge
Neutron
Neutral charge
Orbit
Electron
Negative charge
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Associations of polypeptides with other polypeptides
Tertiary structure interactions
Interactions between R-groups of amino acids
Van der Waals (hydrophobic forces)
Disulfide bridges
Hydrogen bonding
Beta-pleated Sheets and Alpha Helices
Hydrogen bonding of amino acid backbones
Sequence of amino acids
Amino acids are joined through peptide bonds
Water
Hydrogen Bonding
Cohesion
Adhesion
Dehydration Synthesis
Chemistry Recap
Hydrolysis