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File System - General, Privilege Higher to Lower, references, Motherboard…
File System - General
Different file systems
FAT12, FAT16, FAT32
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major variants = FAT12, FAT16, FAT32
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exFAT
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Boarder non-Windows OS support than NTFS, include read + write on macOS
ext2, ext,3, ext4
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In 2008, ext4 became the Linux default FS
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HFS, HFS+ and APFS
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In 2017, Apple file system (APFS) launched
ZFS
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Available for Linux, FreeBSD and TrueOS
Comments on file system
FAT and FAT variants are fairly reliable, but will occasionally corrupt a file. Recovery is generally possible and file system repair usually possible.
NTFS is robust and reliable, but when it breaks, it breaks hard and recovery/repair is about a 50/50 possibility.
EXT4 is very robust and almost never corrupts a file. Repair and recovery in those rare cases is almost always successful.
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HFS+ is the worst file system ever created. It regularly corrupts files and recovery is rarely successful. 80% of the problems I fixed on mac workstations involved using a 3rd party utility to repair the file system.
Choosing a File system
For a system drive use NTFS (Windows), ext4 (Linux), HFS+ or APFS (macOS)
For USB drives and memory cards, use FAT32 for capacities under 32GB and use exFAT for 32GB+ or 4BD+ files
For other drives, use NTFS if Windows based, exFAT if PC/Mac based, or FAT32 for large range of devices coverage.
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Motherboard (mobo)
Components
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BUS slots or Expansion slots - install various components like video card, sound card, network card
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Platform controller hub (PCH) on modern mobo - this is latest chip set architecture by Intel that replaces the two chips northbridge and southbridge. The northbridge function largely integrate into CPU, function of the southbridge is done by PCH
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Micro ATX is designed to fit in smaller case, fewer features and consumes less power than ATX - 9.6x9.6 inch
CMOS chip
The complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip is battery-powered and stores the hard drive's configuration and other information
This has been replaced by flash memory, which also refered to as EEPROM