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MID TUDOR CRISIS, Somerset, Northumberland, (mid-tudor era) - Coggle…
MID TUDOR CRISIS
ECONOMY
Edward VI
Inflation still bad, debasement continued
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Encolsure comissioners set up, but did little
Tax on sheep aimed to raise money and combat enclosure, mainly just harmed small farmers
1550 - £133,333 from France for returning Boulogne
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Walter Mildmay produced a detailed analysis of Crown finance admin, but was not implemented until Mary I
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Mary I
Inflation continued, exacerbated by increasing population
Mary's somewhat stable economy (which was still poor) was perhaps somewhat due to the economic changes suggested and implementded by Middlemay
1555, 56 - Poor harvests led to severe food shortages
1556-58 Was terrible for the country, with huge death tolls from the sweating sickness and war w/France
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Remitted the last of Edward's subsidy - short term popularity, long term economic deficit
Plans for redestribution of the coinage set up for 1556-58, implemented under QE, same for the Book of Rates
Similar to Edward and Mary, Elizabeth implemented measures that improved the economy, but were planned by her predecessor
Debasement was still a huge issue, and it became unavoidable to the point that by the end of Mary's reign and the beginning of Elizabeth's action was beginning to be taken
Elizabeth I
Attempts to deal with various economic problems in QE's first parliament were blocked and only JPs and royal proclomations were usable for reform
1563 - Statute of Artificers - Made labour during harvest comulsory; minimum of 1yr unbreakable contracts; must have a 7yr apprenticeship to follow a trade; JPs set local maximum wage rates
In response to failed initiatives to standardise wage rates - 113 workers charged in the North for unlawfully high wages
Deserving Poor - 'Deserved' some support:
- Old
- Widows
- Disabled (enable to work)
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RELIGION
Edward VI
Protestant reform (more than Henry VIII), though Somerset's reforms were somewhat cautious
1549 - Book of Common Prayer - Moderate, ambiguous Eucharist, translation of Latin services
1547 - Denunciation of Images in London - Supported, enabled iconoclasm in the capital
1547 - Injunctions - Supported in government, attacked more Catholic images and practices (eg. for Candlemas, Palm Sunday)
Injunctions were similar across reigns, as they both attacked common Catholic practices like festivals, images, etc. - Elizabeth was more moderate, however
1547 - Dissolution of Chantries - Property seized by the crown, reflected change from Henry VIII and provided funding
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1552 - Book of Common Prayer - Cranmer had become more radical, and the prayer book reflected this
Removed conservative ceremonies; rewrote baptism, confirmation, burial services; removed ambiguity from other book; banned popish vestments
Elizabeth reintroduced a modified version of Edward's later, more radical book of common prayer
Continued to strip monasteries of wealth (2/3 of Worcester estate given to crown when diocese merged)
Edward (and Henry VIII)'s dissolution of monasteries and siezing of their land and goods put Mary in a difficult position when she attempted to reconcile with Rome
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Mary I
ISSUES: Protestants remained in the South || Protestantism protected by law || Elites had benefitted from seizure of monastic land, and refused to return it
1553 - In her first parliament, Mary repeals Edward's religious changes, restores service to Henry VIII's death, legal status of CofE upheld
1554 - Mary made it clear to the Pope that monastic land could not be returned + Reginald Pole returns + Heresy laws restored
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1557 - Pole dismisses as papal legate, but Mary refused to acknowledge this or let Pole face the charge in Rome
1556-57 Pole's legatine synod set out expectations for the clergy, but he ultimately did not have enough time enact enough changes
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth was not as extreme a protestant as Edward, and was more moderate and willing to compromise
Opposed priests marrying (P), but supported religious music (C) and vestments (C)
1559 - Act of Supremacy - Gave supremacy back to the crown (Supreme Governor), restored Henry VIII's reformation legislation, removed heresy laws, oath of loyalty
1559 - Act of Uniformity - Single Book of Common Prayer (ambiguous eucharist), Black rubric removed, priests to wear 'popish' vestments
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1559 - Injunctions - Supresses Catholicism, removed Catholic images and decorations, opposed pilgrimages + saints, required an English Bible
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REBELLIONS
Edward VI
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Religious rebellion, opposing the Edward's changes (including the Book of Common Prayer)
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Also sparked by class-anger at sheep tax, enclosure, etc.
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Sparked mainly by class-anger around enclosure and poor admin. in the local area + wanted Somerset to enact promised changes
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Causes - Religion, agrarian and social grievances, taxation
For both Edward and Mary, one of the main reasons for rebellion was religion - signifies the lack of unity and the popularity of both Catholicism and Protestantism
Edward's rebellions also being based on economy perhaps represents the poor economic condition in his reign compared to Mary's
Mary I
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Caused by xenophobia (marriage to Philip II), religion, decline in cloth industry, some gentry losing office
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