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CCO - Coggle Diagram
CCO
Lesson 12
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Cancer treatments
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Systemic treatment
Chemotherapy
cant differentiate between normal cell from cancerous cells as stem cells are also constantly multiplying
Targeted therapy
Precise to target individual's specific problem and not like chemo where affect all cells including normal
Immunotherapy
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cancer vaccines that are autologous which helps in prevention of development of cancer and treats existing cancer
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Types of immunity
Innate immunity
First line of defense which is always present and ready to fight within minutes to hours giving an immediate response which is done by NK cells, Dendritic cells, Macrophages, Neutrophils
Acquired immunity
Delayed response within days which includes T and B cells generated. due to repeated exposure to same antigen which causes a stronger and more efficient response to An in future exposure done by memory B cells which results in quicker 2nd response being quicker
Humoral Immunity
Involves Ab mediated response that protect via neutralization of extracellular microbe with secreted Ab and B lymphocytes, Opsonization and activation of complement system (classical/lectin/alternate pathway) leading to phagocytosis and destruction of microbe
Cellular immune response
Antigen-presenting cells like dendritic or B cells present the intracellular microbes antigen on Helper T cell receptor to be processed and presented. This causes T cell to secrete cytokines that bind to cytokine receptors that induce proliferation and activation of effector cells like cytotoxic T cells and macrophages for the killing and destruction of infected cell
Cells involved in cancer destruction: Dendritic cells, Macrophages and mast cell, etc. in innate immunity whereas
Translocation of genes causes formation of fusion gene (oncoprotein) which causes havoc like chronic myeloid leukemia
Tumor specific antigens (TSA) are antigens found only on tumor cells whereas tumor associated antigens are antigens found on both tumor and some normal cells so TAA can kill some other non-cancerous cells
An example of TSA is the hyperactive RAS protein that signals continuous transcriptio of cell cycle and an example of TAA is the HER2 receptors which are largely expressed in tumour cells compared to normal breast cancer cells
Dendritic cells and CD4+ helper T cells detect cancer cells as DC are antigen presenting cells which take up antigens and presents them on its MHC class II
CD4+ T cells gets activated and releases cytokines because it recognized the An on the MHC class II of DC
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perforins forms pores on the plasma membrane and granzymes enter the cell to break down proteins and lyse the cell
To destruct cancer: Dendritic cells --> CD4+ Helper T cells --> either CD8+ Helper T cells or B cells that secrete Ab
Immunoediting
Equilibrium
immune system picks or promotes the generation of immunologically resistant tumor tumor cells variants
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monoclonal Ab work by tumor specific Ab, tumor specific ab conjugated to toxin or tumor specific ab conjugated to radionuclide
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monoclonal Ab block specific target on cancer cells as have one epitope and target area around cancer
CTLA-4 binds to B7 which inhibits T cell activation so it remains inactive but by blocking CTLA-4 = T cell activated = tumor cell death
PD-L1 which binds to PD-1 that causes inhibition of T cell so it can kill tumor cells but by blocking PD-L1 and PD-1 we can allow T cell to kill tumor cell
Ab conjugated with drug = when Ab attacks cancer cell = it also deliver toxic drug = kills cancerous cell
bispecific Ab target both cancer cells and immune cells (T cells) so can bind to 2 different targets
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Lesson 13
CAR T cell therapy
chimeric antigen receptor T cells is when patients immune cells are genetically engineered to enhance its attacking abilities on cancer cells
One benefit is that CARs are able to bind to cancer cells even if their antigen sheds or not presented on surface via MHC class == cancer cells more vulnerable
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Adoptive T cell therapy
isolation of tumor specific CTL from biopsy which are then modified in vitro and re-injected back into patient
cell therapy
collect patients cells will be modified to produce vigorous attack on patients cancer cells and re-inject them back into patient
cytokine therapy
approach in treating patients with advanced malignancies. The purpose of this type of therapy is to manipulate the immune response in such a way as to generate the appropriate immune effector cells to eradicate solid tumors.
Gene therapy
modifies a persons genomic sequence in order to treat diseases which can be done via somatic or germline gene therapy
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cancer vaccine
example is HPV (human papilloma virus) where vaccines containing VLPs (virus like particles) = empty viral capsids with no viral DNA inside are given for prevention